Luckmann, Th./A. (2001): Die Banlieue, eine ausgegrenzte Vorstadt? Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing plot of the association between the road potential noise exposure indicator Lden [dB(A)] and the deprivation index (highest values correspond to highest levels of deprivation) at a small-area level in Marseilles (France, n = 338 census blocks). Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. participation in decision making, capacity to mount effective opposition) and ethnic discrimination.3 In particular, ethnic barriers and economic conditions probably play central roles in shaping the micro-level mobility dynamics underlying environmental inequalities.34 Our results should be viewed in the context of local history, urban design and land-use planning. Stigmatisations urbaines et stratégies de communication. © VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009, Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft für die Fachgruppe Erziehungs- und Sozialwissenschaften an der Humanwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91373-5_8, Humanities, Social Science (German Language). the lattice formed by the census blocks of Marseilles), we used two common types of autoregressive models: simultaneous autoregressive models (SARs)25,26 and conditional autoregressive models (CARs).27 The SAR models link the value of the variable Y in the ith area (Yi) to a linear function of the values of Y in nearby areas;20,27 for CAR models, it is the conditional expectation of Yi with respect to all other values of Y that is defined as a linear function of the values of Y in nearby areas.27 Specifically, we used two popular SAR models and one CAR model (See Supplementary Data, figure 1, for further details): the SARlag model, including the response variable as a covariate in the form of a spatially lagged variable; the SARerr model, including a spatial error structure to control for autocorrelation;25,26 and the intrinsic conditional autoregressive (ICAR) model, which is a generalization of the standard CAR model to support an irregular lattice (that formed by the census blocks of Marseilles).28,29. Basier (1989): Mise en image d’une banlieue ordinaire. The noise level of each building was also calculated by energy-averaging noise levels at each facade of the relevant building. Wiesbaden, S. 11–27. To verify the robustness of our results, we conducted our analyses with various statistical models and spatial weight matrices, as recommended for studying autocorrelation.17,20. Suivez les actualités de votre ville en 1 clic ! Corbillé, Ch. In: Reutlinger, Ch./W. In: Karpe, H./M. The mean road PNEI_ Lden was highest for the intermediate categories of the deprivation index (C3 and C4, table 1). 11, Heft 33, S. 12–23. 1 >> Toulouse : dans les quartiers sensibles, les habitants voudraient "une police à notre écoute" - ladepeche.fr . In: Les Cahiers habitat, Nr. Conclusion: Finding the highest noise exposure in midlevel deprivation areas was unexpected, given the general literature on environmental inequalities. We defined the socio-economic deprivation index as the linear combination of the variables on the first axis of the analysis. These findings should be interpreted cautiously and with the following methodological considerations borne in mind. This study was conducted with the financial support of the Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (Ademe) as part of its 2009 call for research projects in the field of the environment, health and work (convention n°0966C0272) and from the Groupement d’intérêt scientifique Institut de recherche en santé publique (GIS-IReSP) as part of their 2008 call for research projects in the field of territory and health. Common explanations of environmental inequalities include economic (e.g. Moran’s index varies from −1 (negative autocorrelation, meaning that neighbouring census blocks have dissimilar values for the variable considered) to +1 (positive autocorrelation: similar values). Avenel, C. (2005): Déconstruire la construction de l’image des «jeunes des cités». Results: We observed a non-linear relation between the PNEIs and the deprivation index: exposure levels were highest in the intermediate categories. The only study that attempted to take spatial autocorrelation into account (as recommended for studying environmental inequalities) highlighted methodological difficulties and suggested that similar analyses be conducted in other settings with more advanced methods that would improve consideration of spatial autocorrelation. Paris. We did not collect individual data about social characteristics, noise exposure, living conditions or residential characteristics; social disparities exist in the measures individuals can afford to take to protect their homes against environmental noise (e.g. (2005): Die Rede vom Sozialraum — eine Einleitung. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. (Spatial Analysis Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA). This finding demonstrates the stability of this result. Unable to display preview. Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. Rapport Nr. Frankfurt/ Main. The average number of inhabitants in the remaining 338 census blocks was 2412 (minimum = 733; median = 2323; maximum = 4728). Paris. Überlegungen zur partizipativen Stadtpolitik in Frankreich. 68.66.224.2. Residents of the C3 deprivation class (and to some extent those of the C2 and C4 categories) live along the principal state highways in the eastern part of Marseilles, in areas where housing is dense and road PNEIs are the highest. However, the shapes of the relations remained the same, regardless of the model and spatial matrix used. The results highlight the need for comparative studies of environmental inequalities across regions and countries. Toulouse : ladepeche.fr. Finally, given the unequal population size of the census blocks, we performed population-weighted models for the OLS and ICAR models, which had minimal effect on our results (results available from the author on request). 10, S. 14–16. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. INSEE/Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (2004/2005): Enquêtes annuelles de recensement de 2004 et de 2005. Versatile live-cell activity analysis platform for characterization of neuronal dynamics at single-cell and network level. Cite as. All the spatial models led to a better fit and more or less pronounced reductions of the regression coefficients; the shape of the relations nonetheless remained the same. In: Déviance et Société, Vol. Since all of these are difficult to assess and could not be taken into account in the modelling, they could have induced substantial exposure error. Construction de l’identité, image et autonomie. Annual road traffic noise levels were modelled across Marseilles in 2006 as required by the Environmental Noise Directive (END) 2002/49/EC, by Soldata Acoustic, an agency specialized in noise mapping in France. Zweitens wird das Themenfeld vorwiegend aus einer defizitorientierten Perspektive heraus betrachtet. Analyses were performed with SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and GeoDa version 0.9.5-i. (2007): Sozialintegrative Stadtpolitik in Frankreich als Antwort auf städtische Jugendgewalt. Since the extent to which coefficient values vary between standard regression models and spatial methods are sensitive to the specific spatial model, we analysed these associations further with various regression models controlling for spatial autocorrelation and conducted sensitivity analyses with different spatial weight matrices. Die Gewalt der Jeunes des Cités, der Jugendlichen in den französischen Vorstädten, wurde spätestens seit den ersten Unruhen in den Vororten Minguettes und Villeurbanne von Lyon im Jahr 1981 zu einer vielseitig diskutierten Thematik (vgl. The END specifies Lden (day–evening–night level) and Ln (night level) as the European standard indicators for assessing annoyance and sleep disturbance. Paris. Spearman correlations between the deprivation index and the road PNEIs were positive and significant (for Lden and Ln, respectively: ρ = 0.31; P < 0.0001 and ρ = 0.32; P < 0.0001). Marseilles, located on the Mediterranean coast, is one of the oldest cities in Europe (founded in 600 BC). At the same time, they have access to lower housing costs than residents of more affluent census blocks, and better access to public transportation and fewer social disadvantages than those of areas located on the outskirts of the city.35. In: Ottersbach, M./E. Le quartier comme ressource? Bachmann/Le Guennec 1996, S. It is the smallest geographic unit in France for which demographic and socio-economic information is available from the national census.21 Marseilles comprises 392 census blocks; 54 with fewer than 250 inhabitants each in 2006 (2.9% of the total population) were excluded because INSEE reports reliability problems for the corresponding population census data. This risk may be especially important in this study because the spread of noise levels within each census block was probably substantial. Avenel, C. (2004): Les jeunes des quartiers urbains dits «sensibles». Le Guennec (1996): Violences urbaines. The Ln is defined as the A-weighted equivalent continuous noise level (LAeq) during the night only. Paris. The substantial variability in road noise exposure in the C5 category might have masked true differences between this category and C1. 2005). Avenel 2004, ders. Part of Springer Nature. These data were obtained from the Marseilles municipal Directorate of Roads, the National Geographic Institute and other transport authorities. Several studies show that individuals of low socio-economic status (SES)2,4–6 or living in deprived areas7,8 are more likely than others to report noise annoyance. Marseilles (852 395 inhabitants in 2007; 240.62 km2) is second only to Paris in size among French cities. Download preview PDF. It used the environmental noise prediction model CadnaA (Datakustik, Munich, Germany, version 4.0) to calculate acoustic propagation and noise levels in three-dimension. Mack/ F. Wächter/ S. Lang (Hg. Similarly, studies based on noise exposure modelling or indicators of proximity to noise sources (roads, railways and airports) report greater noise exposure among people of low SES2,9–11 or belonging to specific communities (black ethnic groups).12 Nonetheless, studies in the Netherlands and France report that environmental noise exposure levels are highest in advantaged neighbourhoods.9,10,13, Among these studies, only one attempted to take spatial autocorrelation (referred to hereafter as autocorrelation) into account13 as recommended for studying environmental inequalities.14,15 It refers to the non-independence of observations of neighbouring geographical areas.16 More intuitively, spatial autocorrelation can be loosely defined as the coincidence of value similarity with locational similarity. The stronger the correlation between the spatial errors and the deprivation index, the greater the change in the regression coefficients for deprivation compared with the OLS model (see Supplementary Data, figure 2). Not affiliated Regardless of the spatial model or matrix used, exposure levels were highest in the intermediate categories of deprivation; this robust finding, although similar to others in the field of noise, was nonetheless somewhat unexpected in light of the general literature on environmental inequalities. Both the PNEIs and the deprivation index had significant and positive autocorrelation. Findings from the Gutenberg Health Study, Mortality among Italian male workers in the construction industry: a census-based cohort study. This study analysed the associations between area socio-economic status (SES) and potential residential exposure to road traffic noise at a small-area level in Marseilles, second largest city in France. Other important input parameters include as follows: (i) propagation characteristics; (ii) geometry of buildings and roads; (iii) type of road surface; (iv) location of noise barriers; (v) topography; and (vi) meteorological factors. The deprivation index (figure 1) showed a strong positive autocorrelation (I = 0.42), as did the road PNEIs (I = 0.45 for Lden and 0.53 for Ln) (see figure 2 for PNEI_ Lden and Supplementary Data, figure 3 for PNEI_Ln). We compared these four models (OLS, SARlag, SARerr and ICAR) with the Akaike information criterion (AIC, which evaluates a combination of goodness of fit and complexity) and residual autocorrelation. It follows that instead of using just one model that takes autocorrelation into account, as in the only study on noise inequalities that attempted to address this issue,16 several different models should be compared.17, We conducted an ecological geographical study at a small-area level to test the hypothesis of an inverse relation between road noise exposure and deprivation at the small-area level in Marseilles (southeastern France) while taking autocorrelation into account. Ottersbach/ E. Yildiz (Hg. On ne sait plus comment vous faire comprendre qu'il faut ramasser les crottes de votre toutou. Wiesbaden, S. 138–158. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. To assess the influence of the choice of the spatial weight matrix W on the models’ goodness of fit and regression coefficient estimates, we performed a sensitivity analysis with six matrices that used various criteria to define the neighbours of each census block (See Supplementary Data for their definitions). The Lden is defined as the A-weighted equivalent continuous noise level (LAeq) over a 24-h period in which levels during the evening (18:00–22:00) and night (22:00–6:00) are increased by 5 dB(A) and 10 dB(A), respectively. ): Ce que nous savons des jeunes. Paris. It highlights the need to study the diversity of the patterns of environmental inequalities across various economic, social and cultural settings and suggests that comparative studies of environmental inequalities are needed across regions and countries for noise and other pollutants. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2009, Traffic-related air pollution and socioeconomic status: a spatial autocorrelation study to assess environmental equity on a small-area scale, A bayesian analysis for spatial processes with application to disease mapping, Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics, Modelling of discrete spatial variation in epidemiology with SAS using GLIMMIX, Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis, Noise, sleep and poor health: modeling the relationship between road traffic noise and cardiovascular problems, Effects of residual smoothing on the posterior of the fixed effects in disease-mapping models, Adding spatially-correlated errors can mess up the fixed effect you love, Interneighborhood migration, race, and environmental hazards: modeling microlevel processes of environmental inequality, Histoire universelle de Marseille. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the process by which these inequalities are constructed and to help public authorities to design effective national and local policies to reduce them. We used Spearman rank correlations and scatter plots with a smooth curve fitted by locally estimated scatterplot smoothing to describe bivariate associations between each PNEI and the deprivation index. L’identité locale et l’intégration urbaine et sociale. 30, Heft 4, S. 431–448. Zwischen Ethnisierung und globaler Neuorientierung. Actus Villeurbanne; Actus Le Mans; Quartiers Sensibles: 18 articles trouvés. Néanmoins, nous ne vous proposerons qu'une information limité à vous de vous rendre sur le site de l'auteur pour en savoir plus en cliquant sur le bouton 'lire l'article en entier'. Dabei fokussiert sich der Blick erstens auf eine bestimmte Gruppe, nämlich die männlichen, mit Gewalt assoziierten Jugendlichen. The sensitivity analyses indicated that regression coefficients related to the C2–C4 categories were most often positively associated with exposure (see Supplementary table S3 and Supplementary figure S5). Similar results were observed for the road PNEI_Ln (see Supplementary figure S4 and Supplementary table S2). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. In: Au cœur de la ville, en marge de la société, ces quartiers dont on parle. Loch, D. (2005): Jugendliche maghrebinischer Herkunft zwischen Stadtpolitik und Lebenswelt. ): Handbuch Sozialraum. Search for other works by this author on: We calculated an average indicator of potential road noise exposure (road PNEI) for the population residing in each census block; We first studied associations between each road PNEI (dependent variable) and the deprivation index (explanatory variable) with an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model: Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure, Social inequality in perceived environmental exposures in relation to housing conditions in Germany, Neighbourhood deprivation and self-rated health: the role of perceptions of the neighbourhood and of housing problems, Les nuisances et les risques environnementaux, Rapport 2004 de l'Observatoire National des zones urbaines sensibles, On pardonne tout à son quartier sauf… l'insécurité, les dégradations, le bruit, Inégalités environnementales en régions Ile-de-France : le rôle structurant des facteurs négatifs de l'environnement et des choix politiques afférents, Environmental (in)equity in the Netherlands, A case study on the distribution of environmental quality in the Rijnmond region; 2004. Paris. 09-06-2020 . First, our study was ecological. Avery, D. (1987): Civilisation de la Courneuve. Palomares, E./H. To better understand why the estimates of the regression coefficients shifted substantially between the spatial models and standard OLS, we calculated Spearman rank correlations between the spatially correlated errors of the models and the deprivation index, as suggested when the explanatory variable shows significant autocorrelation13 (See Supplementary Data, figures 1 and 2 for further details). housing market dynamics, income), socio-political (e.g. Schütz (1979): Strukturen der Lebenswelt. Notre équipe va quotidiennement décripter et sélectionner les informations les plus pertinentes. En vous inscrivant, vous acceptez les termes et conditions de Bizzimmo.com. Paris. Analytical methods and French data, Coefficient shifts in geographical ecology: an empirical evaluation of spatial and non-spatial regression, Red-shifts and red herrings in geographical ecology, Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology, Spatial autocorrelation and the selection of simultaneous autoregressive models, Bases de données infra-communales—IRIS. All the models taking autocorrelation into account produced better fit and lower estimated coefficients than the standard regression. Ascension et chute des classes moyennes à travers cinquante ans de la politique de la ville. Kühr, J. Bukow, W.-D./C. Wiesbaden, S. 125–137. Des singularités françaises aux réalités mondiales. Despite the significant potential health effects of environmental noise, few studies have focused on social inequalities in exposure to it, and the evidence appears conflicting. 359f., Jazouli 1992, S. ): Urbane Quartiere zwischen Zerfall und Erneuerung. In: Projet urbain, Vol. Actus Villeurbanne; Actus Le Mans; Confiné dans un «quartier sensible» de Reims, il attend vainement la livraison de son colis - L'Union . "Si kiki pacaca, papa pas payer". ‘A-weighted’ means that the sound pressure levels are adjusted to take into account the physical sensitivity of human hearings at different sound frequencies. Die Heterogenität der jungen Bewohner/innen in den Vierteln — wie sie beispielsweise durch das Geschlecht, das Alter, das Milieu sowie die unterschiedlichen Lebenskontexte und -entwürfe sichtbar wird — wird innerhalb der Diskussion nur unzureichend berücksichtigt (vgl. Urban planning during the 1950s through the 1970s accentuated this spatial distribution of social classes by constructing 90% of new subsidized (public) housing in the northern outskirts of the city.35 This spatial distribution is still observed today, with the most deprived census blocks mainly located in two parts of the city: the northern part of the historic city centre (with high exposure to road traffic noise, old, partly dilapidated housing and housing prices lower than in the rest of the city), and the northern outskirts of Marseilles, where the road network is less dense than in the city centre. ANPE/INSEE (2004): Situation des demandeurs d’emplois inscrits à L’ANPE. Décision Locale a été créé par des passionnés de l'information locale ! We observed similar results for the road PNEI_Ln (see Supplementary table S2).
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