The bombing, which occurred during a free concert, killed a mother who had brought her daughter to hear the rock music and injured more than 100 ...read more, On July 27, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee recommends that America’s 37th president, Richard M. Nixon, be impeached and removed from office. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power. The ‘wounds’ were entirely metaphorical. 56 Aulard's account seems to identify Rousselin and Legendre as Robespierre's antagonists on this issue: Aulard, ed., Société des Jacobins, vi, pp. 90 Leuwers, Hervé, ‘Servir le peuple avec vertu’, in Biard, Michel, Bourdin, Philippe, Leuwers, Hervé, and Tourret, Alain, eds., Vertu et politique: les pratiques des législateurs (1789–2014) (Rennes, 2015), p. 403; Robespierre, Oeuvres, i, p. 166 (and see also pp. France led by Maximilien Robespierre is a custom civilization mod by Urdnot, with contributions from DMS, DarthKyofu and Uighur_Caesar. 60 Aulard, ed., Société des Jacobins, iii, pp. See Aulard, F.-A., ed., La Société des Jacobins: recueil de documents pour l'histoire du club des Jacobins de Paris (6 vols., Paris, 1889–97), v, pp. 117 Jones, Colin, ‘Presidential address. 62 The Convention was told documents had been discovered revealing British subversion in France. 240–2. A copy is held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), J-3226. in Barrell, John, ‘Exhibition extraordinary! 6 Herodotus (4 vols., London and New York, NY, 1920–4), trans. See too AN, F7 4774/57, W 434, and T 1684. 119 Above the words ‘procuring that Military Guard’ there is an interlining in pencil, ‘consolidating that dictatoral [sic] Power’. 2 It may have been compiled at a moment between news of the two assassination attempts. 16 Conway, Stephen, Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe in the eighteenth century (Oxford, 2011), pp. 363–75. For Rousselin, see Jeff Horn, Eyewitness to revolutions: Alexandre Rousselin, 1773–1847, book manuscript in preparation. 39 On the British army's propaganda efforts, see Burne, Alfred H., The noble duke of York: the military life of Frederick duke of York and Albany (London and New York, NY, 1949), pp. For a possible further reference targeting Robespierre through the Pisistratus comparison, see CPS member Billaud-Varenne's speech of Nov. 1793: AP, lxxix, p. 452. The authors acknowledge funding for the research behind this article: (i) for Colin Jones, a Major Leverhulme Fellowship (MRF-2011-043 ‘Ending French Revolutionary Terror: 9 Thermidor’); (ii) for Simon Macdonald, a fellowship at the Institut d’études avancées de Paris (France), with the financial support of the French state managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, programme ‘Investissements d'avenir’ (ANR-11-LABX-0027-01 Labex RFIEA+). He studied law through a scholarship and in 1789 was elected to be a representative of the Arras commoners in the Estates General. On July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor in the Revolutionary calendar), Robespierre and his allies were placed under arrest by the National Assembly. 91 Robespierre, Oeuvres, ix, pp. He then was elected to head the Paris delegation to the new National Convention. 393. 93 Aulard, ed., La Société des Jacobins, vi, p. 289. The order was signed by Robespierre alone. 187–8; Robespierre, Oeuvres, x, p. 503. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive. Maximilien Robespierre was deposed on 27 July 1794/9 Thermidor Year II when the charge that he was a tyrant burst spectacularly into open political discussion in France. to date, Paris, 1862–) (AP), xc, pp. For Rousselin, see Horn, Eyewitness to revolutions. 148–9, 261–2. Maximilien Robespierre, the architect of the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror, is overthrown and arrested by the National Convention.As the leading member of … 46, 204, 274, 437, 518, 519, 625, 704, xcii, pp. 83 The Pisistratus reference remained current over the following months, but with shifting and ambiguous valencies. 62, 94, 168, 176. 13 The judicial reform of 22 Prairial had, however, been previously planned by Robespierre: Leuwers, Hervé, Robespierre (Paris, 2014), pp. Robespierre's card states that the day ends once he is collected. 30 Aulard, F.-A., ed., Recueil des actes du Comité de salut public avec la correspondance officielle des représentants en mission et le registre du conseil exécutif provisoire (28 vols., Paris, 1889–1951), xiv, p. 345. France led by Maximilien Robespierre is a custom civilization mod by Urdnot, with contributions from DMS, DarthKyofu and Uighur_Caesar. 95 The issue was hot, since a number of représentants en mission in the departments were accused of abusing their powers by forming bodyguards. In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. In 1799, the Directory was overthrown in a military coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte, who wielded dictatorial powers in France as first consul and, after 1804, as French emperor. 1; repr. Wejdź i znajdź to, czego szukasz! 27 AP, xci, p. 41; Journal militaire, 15 Prairial An 2 [3 June 1794]. Destroying Buildings grants a portion of their historic Yields as Culture and grants +2 Happiness until rebuilt. In 1791, he excluded himself from the new Legislative Assembly but continued to be politically active as a member of the Jacobin Club. French Revolution: Timeline, Causes & Summary. The day after his arrest, Robespierre and 21 of his followers were guillotined before a cheering mob in the Place de la Revolution in Paris. 159–60). Cited in Aulard, ed., Recueil des actes du Comité de salut public, xiv, pp. 395–6 (annexed to a letter from Craig to Nepean, 10 June 1794, fos. 74 For a report from this time that claimed Robespierre had demanded that no reporting of his speeches should be made without his prior approval, see Annales de la République française, 30 Messidor An 2 [18 July 1794]. Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection. 19 See Price, Munro, ‘The “foreign plot” and the French Revolution: a reappraisal’, in Coward, Barry and Swann, Julian, eds., Conspiracies and conspiracy theory in early modern Europe: from the Waldensians to the French Revolution (Aldershot, 2004), pp. They call me Citizen Robespierre. Faced with the threat of civil war and foreign invasion, the Revolutionary government inaugurated the Reign of Terror in September. [Paris], n.d. [1787–9]), pp. 29 Service historique de la Défense, Marine BB/4/42, fo. 146–50. 23 Our translations of ‘Angleterre’ and ‘Anglais’ reflect French practice in ranging from the limited (‘England’, ‘English’) to the expansive (i.e. Auto Suggestions are available once you type at least 3 letters. Legendre's name had arisen in investigations undertaken on 5 Prairial in the Admiral case: Tuetey, Alexandre, Répertoire général des sources manuscrites de l'histoire de Paris pendant la Révolution française (11 vols., Paris, 1890–1914), xi, p. 561. On June 4, 1794, Robespierre was almost unanimously elected president of the National Convention. 77 Mignet, F. A., Histoire de la Révolution française, depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1814 (Paris, 1824), p. 452. Pisistratus's story, we argue, offered a powerful script for interpreting Robespierre's actions, and a cue for resistance. For the balloons, see Samuel Swinton to Henry Dundas, 11 June 1794, TNA, HO 42/31, fo. To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. !’ Radical broadsides of the mid 1790s, An accurate and impartial narrative of the war, by an officer of the guards, Histoire de la Révolution française, depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1814, Dictionnaire Robespierre: léxicométrie et usages langagiers: outils pour une histoire du lexique de l'Incorruptible, Sentimentalism and its erasure: the role of emotions in the era of the French Revolution, The navigation of feeling: a framework for the history of emotions, Living the Revolutionary melodrama: Robespierre's sensibility and the construction of political commitment in the French Revolution, Vertu et politique: les pratiques des législateurs (1789–2014), Autour de Robespierre: Le conventionnel Le Bas, d'après des documents inédits et les mémoires de sa veuve, Répertoire du personnel sectionnaire parisien en l'an II, Un instrument de la Terreur à Paris: le Comité de salut public ou de surveillance du département de Paris (8 juin 1793–21 messidor). In December 1792, he successfully argued in favor of Louis XVI’s execution, and in May 1793 he encouraged the people to rise up in insurrection over military defeats and a food shortage. In July he was appointed as a member of the powerful Committee of Public Safety, and reorganized the Revolutionary Tribunal. We thank Alex Fairfax-Cholmeley, Ariane Fichtl, David Garrioch, Jeff Horn, Renaud Morieux, Anne Simonin, and Michael Sonenscher for commenting on an earlier draft. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between . See too, in similar vein, a propagandist French ‘Hymne sur l'air des Marseillois’ written following Toulon's recapture, exhorting the ‘Sans-Culottes Englais’ to join the French in triumphing against tyrants: Archives Nationales, Paris (AN), F17 1357. Usage data cannot currently be displayed. He called for King Louis XVI to be put on trial for treason and won many enemies, but the people of Paris consistently came to his defense. View all Google Scholar citations On July 27, 1943, Joseph Stalin, premier and dictator of the Soviet Union, issues Order No. 302–3. 80 ‘Lettre de Maximilien Robespierre à MM. In the National Convention, he emerged as the leader of the Mountain, as the Jacobin faction was known, and opposed the Girondins. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. https://civilization-v-customisation.fandom.com/wiki/France_(Maximilien_Robespierre)?oldid=33547. Cited in Calvet, Instrument de la Terreur à Paris, p. 366. 519–20. As the leading member of the Committee of Public Safety from 1793, Robespierre encouraged the execution, mostly by guillotine, of more than 17,000 enemies of the Revolution. 3 Audouin, Xavier, L'Intérieur des maisons d'arrêts (Paris, 1795), p. 27. Are you strong enough to cast aside your scruples and do what must be done? He exerted his influence to suppress the Girondins to the right, the Hébertists to the left and then the Dantonists in the centre. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. 301–11. 45 Craig to Nepean, 10 June 1794, TNA, WO 1/169, fo. 114 For smiles, see Jones, Colin, The smile revolution in eighteenth-century Paris (Oxford, 2015), pp. The jet engine would ultimately revolutionize the airline industry, shrinking air travel time in half by enabling planes to climb faster and fly ...read more, At the University of Toronto, Canadian scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best successfully isolate insulin—a hormone they believe could prevent diabetes—for the first time. 301–2. 1 The National Archives (TNA), FO 26/25, report titled ‘De la frontière’, 30 May 1794. 101 For Nicolas, see Soboul, Albert and Monnier, Raymonde, Répertoire du personnel sectionnaire parisien en l'an II (Paris, 1985), p. 83; Calvet, Henri, Un instrument de la Terreur à Paris: le Comité de salut public ou de surveillance du département de Paris (8 juin 1793–21 messidor) (Paris, 1941), p. 74. The execution were completed after trial by revolutionary tribunal. 107 Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, p. 85. 268–300; Nelson, Eric, The Greek tradition in republican thought (Cambridge, 2004). 64–5. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! 7–44; Rawson, Elizabeth, The Spartan tradition in European thought (Oxford, 1969), pp. !’ Radical broadsides of the mid 1790s (Nottingham, 2001), p. 62. 412–14. 76 Réponse des membres des deux anciens comités de salut public et de sûreté générale, aux imputations renouvellées contre eux, par Laurent Lecointre de Versailles, et déclarées calomnieuses par décret du 13 fructidor dernier; à la Convention nationale (Paris, An 3 [1794]), p. 104. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Oh citizen Robespierre, the virtuous masses cry out for a leader who can shepherd them through the machinations of those who seek to chain them. 774–5, 780. 113 Note the 7 Prairial law was extended to Spanish combatants by the Convention decree of 24 Thermidor An 2 [11 Aug. 1794]: AP, xciv, p. 492. To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. To others, he was the incarnation of the Terror that followed during Year II of the French Revolutionary calendar. 17 AP, xlii, pp. See also Wakefield, Gilbert, Remarks on the general orders of the duke of York to his army, on June 7, 1794 (London, 1794). During the next few days, another 82 Robespierre followers were executed. The direct will of Robespierre, became an integral part of the Revolution. However, their corpus excludes the Pisistratus reference discussed here, which comes from Robespierre's journalism. 338–9; ibid., fo. 189–210. 115 Post-Thermidor Pisistratus references include Audouin's description, noted above; Lakanal, Joseph, Rapport et projet de loi sur l'organisation des écoles primaires ([Paris], An 3 [1794]), p. 6; and idem, Rapport sur les langues orientales, commerciales et diplomatiques, fait au nom des comités d'instruction publique et des finances (Paris, An 3 [1795]), p. 2. 15 Robespierre, Maximilien, Oeuvres (11 vols., Paris and Gap, 1910–2007), x, p. 475. 87 As is well known, the term Montagne originated from the left-wing deputies occupying the high seats in the Convention hall, which became known as the ‘Montagne’. 106 AN, F7 4676, W 501. 98 Spy reports on Robespierre's enemies in the months preceding Thermidor indicate they were not accompanied or guarded in any way: see Edme Courtois, Rapport fait au nom de la commission chargée de l'examen des papiers trouvés chez Robespierre et ses complices (Paris, An 3 [1795]), pp. Robespierre, who embodied the civil war and the Terror, was excluded from being buried in the Panthéon. Salut, Citoyen Robespierre - the republic of virtue awaits your righteous guidance! In particular, they meshed closely with a reading of French politics which likened Robespierre to the ancient Athenian leader Pisistratus, a figure who had subverted the city's constitution – including posing as a victim of violent attacks – in order to establish his tyranny. 359–60. However, after the people of Paris rose up against the king in August 1792, Robespierre was elected to the insurrectionary Commune of Paris. Coutant, Paul), Autour de Robespierre: Le conventionnel Le Bas, d'après des documents inédits et les mémoires de sa veuve (Paris, 1901); Leuwers, Robespierre, pp. Its publication of the York Declaration on that date would therefore have been part of the initial group of London newspapers to print the text. To some, Robespierre was the Revolution's principal ideologist and embodied the country's first democratic experience, marked by the often revised and never implemented French Constitution of 1793. Civilization V Customisation Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. 46 A brief report also appeared in the London Packet, 13–16 June 1794. The question of Robespierre responsibility for the law of 22 Prairial will always be controversial. 110 For Nicolas, see Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, p. 83; Calvet, Instrument de la Terreur à Paris, p. 74. for this article. For a reading of the 7 Prairial decree as part of a Revolutionary vision of hostis humani generis (‘enemy of the human race’), see Edelstein, Dan, The Terror of natural right: republicanism, the cult of nature, and the French Revolution (Chicago, IL, 2009), pp. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. In less than a year, 300,000 suspected enemies of the Revolution were arrested; at least 10,000 died in prison, and 17,000 were officially executed, many by guillotine in the Place de la Revolution. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. 69 Robespierre, Oeuvres, x, p. 568; for the references to York, see ibid., pp. (102 vols. 553, 560. 90–119. 255–68. In April 1790, he presided over the Jacobins, a powerful political club that promoted the ideas of the French Revolution. Cited in Hampson, Norman, ‘The idea of the nation in Revolutionary France’, in Forrest, Alan and Jones, Peter, eds., Reshaping France: town, country and region during the French Revolution (Manchester, 1991), p. 25 n. 15; see also Hampson, Perfidy of Albion, p. 142. 34–5. Have the people found their protector, or will you be yet another impure tyrant, destined for the sweet justice of the guillotine? Abstract views reflect the number of visits to the article landing page. See also AP, xciv, pp. 38 Our thinking on this point has been influenced by scholarship on the English Channel: Morieux, Renaud, The Channel: England, France and the construction of a maritime border in the eighteenth century (Cambridge, 2016); Cohen, Margaret and Dever, Carolyn, eds., The literary Channel: the inter-national invention of the novel (Princeton, NJ, 2002). Robespierre was taken to the Luxembourg prison in Paris, but the warden refused to jail him, and he fled to the Hotel de Ville. Full text views reflects the number of PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. See also Caron, Pierre, ed., Paris pendant la Terreur: rapports des agents secrets du Ministre de l'intérieur (7 vols., Paris [then Geneva], 1910–78), iii, p. 220. 41, 70, 97, 476, 485, xciii, pp. 127–38. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 92 Among recent biographies, the most emphatic in terms of alleging illness is McPhee, Peter, Robespierre: a Revolutionary life (London, 2012). The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. He took a radical, democratic stance and was known as “the Incorruptible” for his dedication to civic morality. The source text upon which this translation is based is given as issue number 594 of the Courier and Evening Gazette. MS 59129. Thermidor et la légende noire de Robespierre’, in Ehrard, Jean, ed., Images de Robespierre: actes du colloque international de Naples, 27–29 septembre 1993 (Naples, 1996), pp. Know that I shall be your everlasting friend should you abide by the simple virtues of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Second, the article explores how these developments fitted within a larger view of Robespierre as aiming for supreme power. This data will be updated every 24 hours. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox. 34 Craig to Evan Nepean, 6 June 1794, TNA, WO 1/169, fos. 49 Robespierre, Oeuvres, x, p. 499. On York as a supposed candidate for the French throne, see Charavay, Étienne, ed., Correspondance générale de Carnot (4 vols., Paris, 1892–1907), iii, p. 36; Robespierre, Oeuvres, x, pp. 84 Desmoulins, Camille, Le Vieux Cordelier, ed. In April 1793, he urged the creation of a sans-culotte army to enforce revolutionary laws and sweep away any counter-revolutionary conspirator, leading to the armed Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793. In October, after Robespierre proposed in vain to close the Convention, the Committee declared itself as revolutionary government. French crossings III: the smile of the tiger. 174, 177. This involved allegations that Robespierre had used an assassination attempt against him in late May as a pretext for scapegoating the British – including the orchestration of a notorious government decree of 7 Prairial/26 May 1794 which banned the taking of British and Hanoverian prisoners of war. 51 For Robespierre flirting with the notion of ‘clémence’, see his speech in the Convention, 30 Frimaire An 2 [20 Dec. 1793]: Oeuvres, x, pp. 24 Robespierre, Oeuvres, x, pp. Those who were not actively defending France became his enemy. In 1791, Robespierre became an outspoken advocate for the citizens without a voice, for their unrestricted admission to the National Guard, to public offices, and for the right to carry arms in self-defence. 625, 630–1. 42 Craig to Nepean, 6 June 1794, TNA, WO 1/169, fos. Historical accounts of the Declaration are invariably based on untrustworthy contemporaneous versions. See Laharie, Patrick, ‘Les burins de la Terreur’, Histoire et archives, 6 (1999), pp. Robespierre was eventually undone by his obsession with the vision of an ideal republic and his indifference to the human costs of installing it, which turned both members of the Convention and the French public against him. 55 AP, xc, pp. 59 [Dubois], ‘La Correction Républicaine’ (n.d. [1794]). 472–3. 57–8; Cobb, Richard, The people's armies: the armées révolutionnaires: instrument of the Terror in the departments, April 1793 to Floréal Year II, trans. The document is dated 10 Fructidor An 3 [27 Aug. 1795]. 11 Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860, 1st ser., ed. In the aftermath of the coup, the Committee of Public Safety lost its authority, the prisons were emptied, and the French Revolution became decidedly less radical. After the Third Estate, which represented commoners and the lower clergy, declared itself the National Assembly, Robespierre became a prominent member of the Revolutionary body. Both decrees were repealed on 10 Nivôse An 3 [30 Dec. 1794]. On the Morning Chronicle in France, see Macdonald, Simon, ‘English-language newspapers in Revolutionary France’, Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 36 (2013), p. 24. His goal was to create a united and indivisible France, equality before the law, to abolish prerogatives and to defend the principles of direct democracy. 43 Taylor, Ernest, ed., The Taylor papers: being a record of certain reminiscences, letters, and journals in the life of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Herbert Taylor (London, 1913), pp. 340. See Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, pp. . Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. 35 See Appendix. 114, 119, 137–8, 198, 242, 383, xciv, pp. He played an important part in the agitation which brought about the fall of the French monarchy on 10 August 1792 and the summoning of a National Convention. In 1792, he opposed the war proposal of the Girondins–moderate leaders in the Legislative Assembly–and lost some popularity. The next evening–July 28–Robespierre and 21 others were guillotined without a trial in the Place de la Revolution. 40 Craig to Nepean, 6 June 1794, TNA, WO 1/169, fo. 12 TNA, FO 26/25, report titled ‘De la frontière’. A shorter version of this text had appeared in Nouvelles politiques, nationales et étrangères, 13 Thermidor An 2 [31 July 1794]. 414, 485, 511–16, 526, 536. 109–52; idem, The navigation of feeling: a framework for the history of emotions (Cambridge, 2001); Andress, David, ‘Living the Revolutionary melodrama: Robespierre's sensibility and the construction of political commitment in the French Revolution’, Representations, 114 (2011), pp. 103 Indeed, other accounts indicate that, on occasion at least, it was possible to encounter Robespierre escorted only by his faithful mastiff, Brount: Sanson, Charles-Henri, La Révolution française vue par son bourreau, ed. See also Vernet, ed., Journals and correspondence of General Sir Harry Calvert, p. 254. 85 de Saint-Just, Antoine-Louis, Oeuvres complètes, ed. 7 These and other usages can be tracked through the datasets Gallica, Frantext/ARTFL, and ECCO. Robespierre, Oeuvres, v, pp. Perrin, Bernadotte, i, pp. 78 Aulard, ed., Société des Jacobins, iv, pp. 243–59. 197–8 n. 26. 245–8. 67 Harlequin impeacher (n.p., n.d. [?Apr. 1–32. 41 Durdent, R. J., Histoire de la Convention nationale de France, accompagnée d'un coup-d'oeil sur les assemblées constituante et legislative (2 vols., Paris, 1818), ii, p. 25. Godley, A. D., i, pp. 338–40. 14, 154–5, 188, 469. Madival, J. et al. 1793; for another version of this text, see Chronique du mois, May 1793. Kupiec, Anne and Abensour, Miguel ([Paris], 2004), pp. In the end, all men shall either swim with this torrent, or drown beneath it. Within a year, the first human sufferers of diabetes were receiving insulin treatments, and ...read more, In Atlanta, Georgia, the XXVI Summer Olympiad is disrupted by the explosion of a nail-laden pipe bomb in Centennial Olympic Park. On July 27, 1949, the world’s first jet-propelled airliner, the British De Havilland Comet, makes its maiden test-flight in England. 94 Robespierre, Oeuvres, x, pp. 104–5. Vergniaud, Gensonné, Brissot et Guadet, sur la souveraineté du peuple et sur leur système de l'appel du jugement de Louis Capet’, in Lettre de Maximilien Robespierre…à ses commettans, no. 334–6. Called to represent the common man of France at the historic Estates General of 1789, you quickly rose to prominence as one of the most aggressive and uncompromising defenders of the French commoner - refusing all notion of compromise with the hated aristocracy. Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. On July 27, 1793, Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, which was formed in April to protect France against its enemies, foreign and domestic, and to oversee the government. Lebailly, Monique (Paris, 2007), pp. 553–4, see also p. 560. 33 Vernet, Harry, ed., Journals and correspondence of General Sir Harry Calvert (London, 1853), p. 233. In the orgy of bloodshed, Robespierre succeeded in purging many of his political opponents. But the Double Header action card says collect another noble after the first one. Maximilian Robespierre sentenced to death all those persons who he considered as enemies of the republic, whether they were ex-noble, clergy, and members of any political parties; including Jacobins. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The armistice ended America’s first experiment with the Cold War concept of ...read more. 96 Correspondance politique, 14 June 1794. 732–44, see also lxv, pp. 88 Mignet, Histoire de la Révolution française, pp. In pursuit of a ‘republic of virtue’ - a state cleansed of all those who harboured even a spot of blackness in their hearts, you baptised the nation in a holy fury that spilled impure blood from the turbulent battlefields of the Vendee to the steps of the royal palace. 465 n. 1, 587 n. 4. 8 [Sylvain Maréchal], Histoire de la Grèce, représentée par figures (n.p. News of the 7 Prairial decree reached Brussels by 3 June: see British Library Add. 224–5, 231, see also lxvii, pp. In November the philosopher Condorcet considered the French Revolution as a religion and Robespierre had all the characteristics of a leader of a sect, or a cult. 98 Spy reports on Robespierre's enemies in the months preceding Thermidor indicate they were not accompanied or guarded in any way: see Edme Courtois, Rapport fait au nom de la commission chargée de l'examen des papiers trouvés chez Robespierre et ses complices (Paris, An 3 … Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. The Terror was being escalated just when foreign invasion no longer threatened the republic, and an awkward coalition of the right and the left formed to oppose Robespierre and his followers. 37 Morieux, Renaud, ‘Patriotisme humanitaire et prisonniers de guerre en France et en Grande-Bretagne pendant la Révolution française et l'Empire’, in Bourquin, Laurent, Hamon, Philippe, Hugon, Alain, and Lagadec, Yann, eds., La politique par les armes: conflits internationaux et politisation, XVe–XIXe siècle (Rennes, 2014), pp. 68 An accurate and impartial narrative of the war, by an officer of the guards (2 vols., London, n.d. [by 1796]), ii, p. 58. 32–43, 609–15. François-Pierre Garnier Delaunay was a career lawyer, vocal Jacobin, and judge within the Revolutionary Tribunal; Charles-Léopold Renaudin, a lute-maker, and François Girard, a gold or silversmith (orfèvre). In just a month, 1,400 enemies of the Revolution were guillotined. 21 AP, lxxiv, pp. Six days later, a law was passed that suspended a suspect’s right to public trial and to legal assistance. 233–48; Pelzer, Erich, ‘“Il ne sera fait aucun prisonnier anglais or hanovrien”: Zur Problematik des Kriegsgefangenen während der Revolutions- und Empirekriege (1792–1815)’, in Overmans, Rüdiger, ed., In der Hand des Feindes: Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg (Cologne, 1999), pp. In an address sent to the Convention in Aug. 1793 by the Section de l’Égalité de Châteauroux, the ‘intrepid Montagnards’ were asked (in a question which muddled Roman and Athenian history) to ‘Beware of new Pisistratuses coming to occupy your curule seats’: AP, lxxiii, p. 549. Other evocations by Robespierre of making the ultimate sacrifice feature passim in his speeches, notably in the months before Thermidor: see Oeuvres, x, pp. Carver, Terrell (Cambridge, 1996), p. 32. Robespierre is best known for his role as a member of the Committee of Public Safety as he personally signed 542 arrests, especially in Spring and Summer 1794.

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