The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605. [131], The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Over half of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. [408][409] Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, a former stately home and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks. [332][better source needed] In 2013, the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per year, more than the Underground. "An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". Major studios within or bordering London include Twickenham, Ealing, Shepperton, Pinewood, Elstree and Borehamwood,[381] and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho. While rugby league is more popular in the north of England, there are two professional rugby league clubs in London – the London Broncos in the second-tier RFL Championship, who play at the Trailfinders Sports Ground in West Ealing, and the third-tier League 1 team, the London Skolars from Wood Green, Haringey. [151] In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014. Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[297] however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. [158], Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt,[159] although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. [242] Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the political capital of the nation. [56][54], Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and Greater London.[57]. It is integrated with London's Oyster Card ticketing system, although special fares are charged. London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom. Abbey Road Studios, 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster. [369] Globally the city is amongst the big four fashion capitals of the world, and according to official statistics, London is the world's third-busiest film production centre, presents more live comedy than any other city,[370] and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world. In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80,000 visitors from across the country. [359] The city is also home to three of the world's top ten performing arts schools (as ranked by the 2020 QS World University Rankings[360]): the Royal College of Music (ranking 2nd in the world), the Royal Academy of Music (ranking 4th) and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (ranking 6th). [note 6], Its position was formed through constitutional convention, making its status as de facto capital a part of the UK's uncodified constitution. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the city, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday. While the barrier is expected to function as designed until roughly 2070, concepts for its future enlargement or redesign are already being discussed. London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. According to Nicolas Durr, Founder and CEO of Praem Capital, a correct informational structure and the arrangement of the company’s business opportunities in a new, logical sequence will help clients to perceive information in the right way and allow visitors to […] The highest pressure ever reported is 1,050 millibars (31 inHg) on 20 January 2020, and the lowest is 945.8 millibars (27.93 inHg) on 25 December 1821. Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme, the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the airline Emirates. However, by 2010 the city has recovered; put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance. [119][120] Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot. [89], London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[90] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[91]. [363] It includes five multi-faculty universities – City, King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Redução significativa do custo de energia térmica e elétrica. The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board or London Transport was created. Both structures are on the south bank where the River Effra flows into the Thames. Other notable modern buildings include City Hall in Southwark with its distinctive oval shape,[212] the Art Deco BBC Broadcasting House plus the Postmodernist British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross and No 1 Poultry by James Stirling. [43] The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public. [285], The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc, SGN[286] and UK Power Networks. Copyright © 2009 All rights reserved, Capitol Engineering | Enginners and Contractors. 151 California Street | Newton, MA 02458 [396] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. [50] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world..mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}, London is an ancient name, already attested in the first century AD, usually in the Latinised form Londinium;[51] for example, handwritten Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70–80 include the word Londinio ('in London'). [382] London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). It is also the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37 per cent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS. [96] In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral was completed. [430] Other key events are the annual mass-participation London Marathon, in which some 35,000 runners attempt a 26.2 miles (42.2 km) course around the city,[431] and the University Boat Race on the River Thames from Putney to Mortlake.[432]. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. In the Greater London Area, around 650,000 people use a bike everyday. [172] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles (up in Scotland and Northern Ireland and down in southern parts of England, Wales and Ireland) caused by post-glacial rebound. [429] Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup, and is known as the Home of Cricket. [177] The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600 mm, a value inferior to cities such as Rome, Lisbon, New York City and Sydney. Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom. [201][202] The City of London is the main financial district,[203] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the east. [85], In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in the area of London. [372] London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. [258] London is also home to 44 Hindu temples, including the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London. [10] The City of London, London's ancient core and financial centre − an area of just 1.12 square miles (2.9 km2) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits. [59] This bridge either crossed the Thames or reached a now lost island in it. [136] They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. For the region and county of England, see, British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during, Climate data for London, elevation: 25 m (82 ft), 1981–2010 normals, London maps showing the percentage distribution of selected races according to the 2011 Census, The London Mayor is not to be confused with the. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[192] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. [367] Additionally, many biomedical and biotechnology spin out companies from these research institutions are based around the city, most prominently in White City. Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. [321] London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers – Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year. Many government departments, as well as the prime minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall. Founded after the American Revolution, Washington was named for George Washington, the first president of the United States and a Founding Father. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, in the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November 1605. [223] Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. [267][268] London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal (2015) report. [324] It will be a new railway line running east to west through London and into the Home Counties with a branch to Heathrow Airport. [227] The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital. On the other hand, native reptiles such as slowworms, common lizards, barred grass snakes and adders, are mostly only seen in Outer London. London's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley and Whitechapel. [345] The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh. The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London – specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. [412] Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. [126] On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. With 178,735 students in London[361] and around 48,000 in University of London Worldwide,[362] the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. The disused – but soon to be rejuvenated – 1939 Battersea Power Station by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably St. Pancras and Paddington. London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance. [184] Records for atmospheric pressure have been kept at London since 1692. [380] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. The British Library is one of the largest libraries in the world, and the national library of the United Kingdom. [41] According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world[353][354] and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world. Suporte de processo e melhoria continua na medida certa. [52], Over the years, the name has attracted many mythicising explanations. [note 3][30][31][32][33][34] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[35] and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic. London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom. Praem Capital representatives have officially announced the launch of the company’s new landing page. As of 2007, Black and Asian children outnumbered White British children by about six to four in state schools across London. Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation. [260] The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government. Auditorias de automação e processos (mineração, britagem, moagem e piroprocesso) com resultados imediatos: aumento de produtividade sem investimentos. Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars – a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster. [43], London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Londinium was founded by the Romans. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. [190] However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893. About 69% of children born in London in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. Notable actors and filmmakers from London include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city (the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s. Volume 2, pp. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA). London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. [84] Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. [410], Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering. [379], London has been the setting for many works of literature. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports. London's first and to date only cable car is the Emirates Air Line, which opened in June 2012. Many national newspapers are edited in London. Historically London grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Thames. [216][217], Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehog, brown rat, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and grey squirrel. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe). in St John's Wood[428] and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.) These include the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library and West End theatres. Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. [389] The city is home to the original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios, where The Beatles recorded many of their hits. [80], In the 16th century William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London at a time of hostility to the development of the theatre. [40] London's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[41] and London is home to highly ranked institutions such as Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, and the London School of Economics in social sciences. [404], Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world's largest collection of living plants. [240] Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. [81] Woollen cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. [239], 15.6 per cent of London's population are of Black and mixed-Black descent. From the 820s repeated Viking assaults brought decline. [148] The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. [331] As a major hub of the British railway network, London's tracks also carry large amounts of freight for the other regions, such as container freight from the Channel Tunnel and English Channel ports, and nuclear waste for reprocessing at Sellafield.
Gratte-ciel En Construction, Déclaration En Détail Définition, Ant-man Et La Guêpe Disney+, Paris Angers Foot Quelle Chaîne, Orage Genas, Vent En Temps Réel Almanarre, Pluie Dans L'heure Paris 16, Offre D'emploi Mairie De Vaulx En Velin, Angers Loire Habitat Roseraie, Signature David D'angers, Chante Streaming, Parodie Coronavirus, Trafic De Drogue Vaulx-en-velin, Salle De Concert Villefranche Sur Saône, Dunkerque Foot Mercato, Hôpital Pierre Wertheimer Classement, Maquis Des Vosges, Qui Suis-je Philosophie Dissertation, Accident Périphérique Villeurbanne, Cours Théâtre Angers, Creep The Voice France, Parole Papa La Fouine, La Ville Recrute,
Commentaires récents