transvaal republic

Cette politique est accompagnée par une stratégie de la terre brûlée destinée à couper les Boers de leurs bases arrière. It is bordered to the north by Matabeleland, to the south by the Orange Free State, to the west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique and Swaziland. The constitution of the ZAR was legally interesting for its time. Celle-ci se solda par un échec lamentable [réf. Parts of Bophuthatswana were also in the Transvaal, with other parts in Cape Province and Orange Free State. The South African Republic came into existence on 17 January 1852,[7] when the British signed the Sand River Convention treaty with about 40,000 Boer people, recognising their independence in the region to the north of the Vaal River. ", Carman Miller, "Loyalty, Patriotism and Resistance: Canada's Response to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902. Its capital was Pretoria, which was also the country's executive capital. The Republic of Orange and Transvaal is a very large, safe nation, notable for its compulsory military service, frequent executions, and irreverence towards religion. After the commandos met up, they first attacked Magobane and the natives were driven back to their caves in the mountains where they lived before. [16]:40 In November 1859,[11] the independent Republics of Lijdenburg and Utrecht merged with the ZAR. The Boer War is a watershed event for the British Army in particular and for the British Empire as a whole. Les campagnes du Transvaal et de l'Orange sont ainsi vidées, les stocks de vivres sont réquisitionnés ou détruits, les récoltes brûlées et les fermes évacuées. The Transvaal Colony (Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈtransfɑːl]) was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Second Boer War in 1902 when the South African Republic was dissolved, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. [16]:41 Commandant General Andries Pretorius became commandant general of the Potchefstroom and Rustenburg districts. km). [25] The British similarly had declared English to be the only language spoken in the Cape Colony some decades earlier to outlaw[26][dubious – discuss] the Dutch language. [16]:47 The administration was similar to the system of indentured workers, which was simply another form of slavery, with the exception that children so registered had to be released at age 16. On 31 May 1902, the Treaty of Vereeniging was signed with the government of the South African Republic, the Orange Free State government, and the British government, ending the war, and converted the ZAR into the Transvaal Colony. By the time the commando had reached Mapela, the natives had fled. Kruger argued with President Boshoff that the Bible said punishment does not mean a death sentence and at the prisoner exchange, it was agreed that the accused would be punished if found guilty. À l'origine, il n'y a pas de séparations entre l'État et l'Église. In 1858, these clauses were altered in the constitution to allow for the Volksraad to approve other Dutch Christian churches. The name "Transvaal" refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River. In the 1820s and ’30s they were unsettled by invasions of the Ndebele and other Bantu tribes fleeing from the warring Zulu. Although slavery was illegal in the constitution and foreigners were discriminated against, black foreigners had fewer rights than their white counterparts. Although the Transvaal developed into a economically successful republic, it experienced chronic conflict with the British (Boer Wars) until achieving victory in the Second Boer War, and the subsequent treaty of Vereeniging. The discovery of large gold deposits in the Witwatersrand area in 1886 resulted in a tremendous influx of miners and fortune seekers, primarily English and Germans, who were called Uitlanders. [clarification needed], Coordinates: 25°S 30°E / 25°S 30°E / -25; 30, List of administrators of former South African provinces § Transvaal Province, "Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code", "Mine Kills 2 Whites in South Africa : Toll at 13 in Blasts Attributed to Black Guerrilla Offensive", Administrative divisions of South Africa (1910–1994), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transvaal_(province)&oldid=980342780, States and territories established in 1910, States and territories disestablished in 1994, Former country articles requiring maintenance, Articles containing Afrikaans-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, PWV region (later Gauteng province) consisting of the, This page was last edited on 26 September 2020, at 00:14. They declared Heidelberg their seat of government and hoisted the Vierkleur there on 16 December. It is one of the founding members of the African Union, and has the eight-largest economy of all the members. Mais surtout en 1886, des prospecteurs découvraient un gisement d'or considérable dans le Witwatersrand (« Barrière de l'Eau Blanche »), une arête montagneuse située de 100 kilomètres à l'est jusqu'à 50 kilomètres au sud de Pretoria. The Orange Free State was nicknamed "the model republic". By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Peace of Vereeniging (May 31, 1902) ended the independence of the Transvaal, which became a British crown colony under the administration of Sir Alfred Milner. [12] On 25 July 1895 the burghers that took part in the battle at Zoutpansberg,[13] were granted citizenship of the ZAR. On 13 December 1880, the members of the last Volksraad were summoned to a meeting at Paardekraal, where authority was placed in the hands of a triumvirate comprising Paul Kruger, Piet Joubert and Marthinus W. Pretorius. La République sud-africaine (en néerlandais et en afrikaans : Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ZAR ; en anglais : South African Republic), connue aussi sous le nom non officiel de République du Transvaal, était au XIXe siècle un État boer indépendant d'Afrique australe. It was bounded by Mozambique and Swaziland to the east and by Cape Province to the west. They regained their independence—subject to certain provisos—in 1881 after overwhelming British forces at the Battle of Majuba Hill. Alternative History is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. After the failed raid, there were rumours that Germany offered protection to the Boer republic, something which alarmed the British. souhaitée] et par la démission de Rhodes [réf. Livingstone admitted to storing these for Secheli and by this he was acting in breach of the Sand River Convention of 1852, which prescribed that neither arms nor ammunition should be supplied to the natives. The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek; the ZAR; also known as the Transvaal Republic, Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek) was an independent and internationally recognised state located in what is now South Africa, from 1852 to 1902. Fighting between the Boers and British continued, however, until the resources of both Boer republics had been broken by unceasing strain against superior forces. Cette défaite conduit le premier ministre britannique William Gladstone, peu enclin à poursuivre les hostilités, à signer un traité d'armistice le 6 mars 1881, complété par un traité de paix final le 22 mars 1881 par lequel les Boers du Transvaal retrouvaient leur autonomie tout en restant sous la souveraineté britannique. In 1856, the Boers adopted the name South African Republic for the region, and a new racially biased constitution was put in place. After the war the territory of the ZAR became the Transvaal Colony. In 1885, rich gold reefs were discovered. [citation needed]. The Transvaal’s name, which means “across the Vaal,” originated with the Afrikaners who in the 1830s migrated to the region after crossing the Vaal River. Établi en 1852 par le traité de Sand River, le territoire du Transvaal fut constitué en république en 1856. Dans la constitution du Transvaal (le Grondwet), le droit de vote est censitaire et accordé aux seuls hommes boers[3] — appelés Burghers, ce qui signifie citoyens libres —. Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. La République sud-africaine (en néerlandais et en afrikaans : Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ZAR ; en anglais : South African Republic), connue aussi sous le nom non officiel de République du Transvaal, était au XIX e siècle un État boer indépendant d'Afrique australe.. Établi en 1852 par le traité de Sand River, le territoire du Transvaal fut constitué en république en 1856. As there were slavers and other criminals dealing in children, any burgher found in possession of an unregistered minor child was guilty of a criminal offence. The Orange Free State is a presidentialist republic, currently presided by Marike van Zyl, elected in 2008. This unfortunately did not have any effect, and the First Boer War formally broke out on 20 December 1880. In 1910, the Transvaal became a province of the newly created Union of South Africa, a British Dominion. souhaitée]. Il se rend alors sans résistance jusqu'à Pretoria où il se concerte avec les autorités autour de bouteilles de sherry et de champagne. De nombreuses personnes noires moururent aussi dans ces camps, à cause des conditions de vie épouvantables[8]. Mapela and his soldiers escaped and with their rifles and ammunition intact and Mapela was only captured much later, in 1858. [6] This proclamation was issued during the British occupation of the region in the Second Boer War and while the ZAR was still nominally an independent country. These divisions included Northern Transvaal (present-day Limpopo and Pretoria), Eastern Transvaal (currently Mpumalanga), Western Transvaal (currently part of North West Province) and Southern Transvaal (now Gauteng Province). Following the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the Transvaal Colony became Transvaal Province. Irish University Press Series: British Parliamentary Papers Colonies Africa, (BPPCA Transvaal Vol 37 (1971) No 41 at 267), Alan F. Hattersley, "The Annexation of the Transvaal, 1877.". The Transvaal province lay between the Vaal River in the south, and the Limpopo River in the north, roughly between ​22 1⁄2 and ​27 1⁄2 S, and 25 and 32 E. To its south it bordered with the Orange Free State and Natal provinces, to its west were the Cape Province and the Bechuanaland Protectorate (later Botswana), to its north Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe), and to its east Portuguese East Africa (later Mozambique) and Swaziland. However, the Boers viewed it as an act of aggression, and protested. The Transvaal province lay between Vaal River in the south, and the Limpopo River in the north. On 3 November 1884 the country signed a postal convention with the government of the Cape Colony and later a similar convention with the Orange Free State.[10]. The Vierkleur was later incorporated into the flag of South Africa between 1928 and 1994. The rebel republic allied with Germany, with whom Britain and South Africa were at war. The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention,[32] and in which the British suzerainty over the South African Republic, was relinquished.[33]. Citizens who obtained their franchise through naturalization after 23 June 1890 would be able to vote in all elections, except those for the first Volksraad. The British failed to fulfill their promises of internal self-government to the Boers, however, and late in 1880 the Afrikaners revolted against the British and declared a new Transvaal republic. Les familles boers sont alors rassemblées dans des camps de concentration. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. The Maritz rebellion was an armed insurrection which occurred in South Africa in 1914 at the start of World War I. souhaitée], la nouvelle législation imposait dorénavant un salaire raisonnable dès la première heure de travail. Half a century later, in 1961, the union ceased to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations and became the Republic of South Africa. [28], One of the early battles occurred at Botsabelo Mission Station on 13 July 1876, against Johannes Dinkwanyane, who was Sekhukune’s brother. Another migration was that of seminomadic pastoral Afrikaner farmers called Voortrekkers, or Boers, who in the mid-1830s began to probe northward beyond the borders of the Cape Colony with the aim of organizing an exodus from British-controlled territory. In 1994 the Transvaal was split into four provinces: Northern (now Limpopo), Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (now Gauteng), Eastern Transvaal (now Mpumalanga), and part of North-West. The land area that was once the ZAR now comprises all or most of the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North West in the northeastern portion of the modern-day Republic of South Africa. À partir du mois de mars, les troupes britanniques avancent au cœur des deux républiques boers. The Transvaal was one of the provinces of South Africa from 1910 until 1994. Le 28 janvier 1881, la bataille de Laing's Nek se solde par une défaite de la cavalerie et de l'infanterie britannique. 13 Juli 1888 & article 1026/1027, dd. The war only began in July 1876. These foreigners eventually came to outnumber the Afrikaners two to one in the Transvaal, but Kruger refused to grant them voting and other rights. In 1817, the region was invaded by tribes pushed from their land by the Zulu king Shaka and his Impis. Bloemfontein, la capitale de l'État libre d'Orange, tombe le 13 mars. En septembre 1899, Joseph Chamberlain, secrétaire britannique aux Colonies, envoya un ultimatum à Kruger exigeant la complète égalité de droits pour les citoyens britanniques résidant au Transvaal. Many members of the South African government were themselves former Boers who had fought with the Maritz rebels against the British in the Second Boer War. Puis le 5 juin, c'est le tour de Pretoria, évacué par le gouvernement sud-africain retranché dans l'est du Transvaal. Their government promoted unity between the Afrikaners and the British, and in 1910 the Transvaal became a province of the Union of South Africa, a status that was maintained when the Union became the Republic of South Africa in 1961.
Previously, Transvaal was annexed by the Cape Colony and regained its independence in the First Boer War. The Transvaal’s history in the rest of … En dépit du soutien de l'opinion publique et des gouvernements de la majeure partie des pays européens, la résistance des Boers a été vaine et le président Kruger termine sa vie en exil à Clarens, en Suisse où il meurt en 1904[9]. The complex of mining, industrial, commercial, and financial activities arising from this vast mineral wealth made the southern Transvaal the economic heartland of South Africa. Le 18 mai, le siège de Mafeking est levé. L'autorité administrative et politique est représentée par un président assisté d'un conseil exécutif. Alors que l'ancienne législation avait été rédigée pour décourager le travail des noirs dans les territoires blancs en faisant obligation aux populations noires venues s'établir hors des territoires tribaux de travailler sur les fermes pour au moins une année dont six mois à titre gratuit [réf. Un quart de la population boer, soit 116 572 personnes, fut internée dans des camps de concentration au côté de 120 000 Africains noirs. [18], All citizens who were born in the ZAR or had obtained their franchise prior to 23 June 1890 would have the right to vote for both the first and second Volksraad and in all other elections. Consequently, Paul Kruger was not accepted as a citizen and disallowed from political intercourse. Ainsi « aucun indigène n'est autorisé à s'établir près des agglomérations, au détriment des habitants, sans une permission expresse de l'Assemblée ». The Volksraad issued Proclamation 207 and compelled the Superintendent of Education to apply the language law[22] enforcing the exclusive use of Dutch. The Pretoria Convention of 1881 was signed on 3 August 1881 and ratified on 25 October 1881 by the ZAR, where the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek is referred to by the name "Transvaal Territory". La ZAR est constituée essentiellement de fermes disséminées sur des milliers de kilomètres. Au lieu de poursuivre leur avantage, elles optent pour un certain immobilisme tactique et assiègent des villes comme Mafeking alors que les routes vers Durban et le Cap étaient libres d'accès. The Transvaal region is known to have been inhabited from about 1 200 years ago, by Venda and Sotho peoples. The city of Johannesburg was founded as a gold mining town in the same year. ", T. R. H. Davenport, "The South African Rebellion, 1914. Use of any foreign language was subject to criminal penalty and fine of £20 (ZAR) for each offence. (286,066 sq. When the British refused, Kruger declared war against Britain, Britain received assistance from its possessions Australia,[36] and Canada,[37] as well as Natal and the Cape Colony. Transvaal is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Group of 77, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, and G8+5. In 1877, after the republic faced considerable economic hardship and outside Zulu threats, Britain annexed the Transvaal, hoping that this move would be perceived by the Boers as salvation. The republic's name derives from the Vaal River, since the country is located at the north of the Vaal River. Il proclamait ainsi : « Au lieu de vous réjouir, vous feriez mieux de pleurer, car cet or imbibera notre pays de sang ». Les troupes britanniques, commandées par Lord Roberts, ne reprirent l'initiative qu'avec l'arrivée de renforts le 4 février 1900. The immigrants were also referred to as "outlanders". La Bible a un rôle important car elle peut être utilisée comme source juridique de référence. South African Republic (SAR), Dutch: Zuid Afkikaansche Republiek (ZAR); also known as the Transvaal, 19th-century Boer state formed by Voortrekkers (Boer migrants from the British Cape Colony) in what is now northern South Africa. But because the area lay out of reach of the administration in the Cape Colony, the British in 1852 recognized the independence of the Afrikaners north of the Vaal River under the terms of the Sand River Convention (see Sand River and Bloemfontein Conventions). Il fonde alors un triumvirat avec Piet Joubert et Marthinus Wessel Pretorius pour organiser une résistance armée qui n'est en mesure de passer à l'action qu'à la fin de l'année 1880. An understanding of the history of this province is essential in the understanding of the history, and formation of the Kruger National Park. Dès 1873, de l'or est découvert à Pilgrim's Rest, entraînant une première ruée. It would see the introduction of the khaki uniform, marking the beginning of the end of the famous Redcoat. More than 27,000 of these civilians died as result. This proclamation, No 224, also changed Law No 7 with regard to voting. Finalement, 30 000 fermes sont détruites ainsi qu'une quarantaine de petites villes. The oath involved abandoning, discarding and renouncing all allegiance and subjugation towards foreign sovereignties and in particular their previous citizenship. By 1896, the language of government and citizens remained Dutch but in many market places, shops and homes the English language was spoken.[27]. The province was divided into a number of sporting teams. The British first attacked the ZAR with the December 1895 Jameson Raid, which ended in failure. En 1899, le président Marthinus Steyn de l'État libre d'Orange invita lord Alfred Milner et Paul Kruger à une conférence à Bloemfontein, qui débuta le 30 mai mais les négociations achoppèrent. Transvaal definition, a province in the northeastern part of the Republic of South Africa. En fait, une fois dépassée la phase clanique, les voortrekkers s'organisent spontanément en assemblée populaire, le Volksraad, fortement teintée de démocratie directe [5]. It was governed by a Volksraad of 24 elected members and had Marthinus W. Pretorius, the son of Andries, as its first president. Transvaal, former province of South Africa. It is bordered to the north by Matabeleland, to the south by the Orange Free State, to the west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique and Swaziland. Their government promoted unity between the Afrikaners and the British, and in 1910 the Transvaal became a province of the Union of South Africa, a status that was maintained when the Union became the Republic of South Africa in 1961. A. N. Pelzer writes: "Although Sekhukhune made overtures for peace, he was not defeated and this fact, together with the shaky financial position, gave Sir Theophilus Shepstone the pretext he required to annex the republic [as the Transvaal, a British colony,] on 12 April 1877."[8][9]. Le traité est ensuite ratifié par la convention de Pretoria le 3 août 1881. [citation needed], President Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff had issued a death sentence over two ZAR citizens, for treason. These teams were renamed, after the Transvaal became defunct, however, their traditional territories have remained unchanged in many cases, even though they overlap the boundaries of the Transvaal's successor provinces. After the end of the First Boer War, the ZAR became a British Suzerainty and in the Pretoria Convention of 3 August 1881,[2] the British insisted on the use of the name Transvaal State over Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. The Transvaal Colony, which had been formed out of the bulk of the old South African Republic after the Second Boer War, became the Transvaal Province in the new union. The unpopular presidency of Thomas F. Burgers came to a head with his campaign against the Bapedi under Sekhukhune. In 1961, the union ceased to be part of the British Commonwealth and became the Republic of South Africa. [15] The Reformed Church was approved by the Volksraad in 1858, which had the effect of allowing Paul Kruger, of the Gereformeerde Kerk to remain a citizen of the ZAR. The Transvaal Colony, which had been formed out of the bulk of the old South African Republic after the Second Boer War, became the Transvaal Province in the new union. The British objected to the use of the name Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. En 1910, l'ancienne république devint l'une des quatre nouvelles provinces du dominion de l'Union sud-africaine. By May 1902, the last of the Boer troops surrendered, and the independent Boer republic in the Transvaal was no more - the region became part of the British Empire. The war – not officially declared to the occupying British troops – opened with an irregular attack on a British regiment on the march at Bronkhorstspruit. The Malaboch War was between Chief Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) of the Bahananwa (Xananwa) people and the South African Republic (ZAR) Government led by Commandant-General Piet Joubert. Les Britanniques sont surpris et n'ont pas assez d'effectifs mais les troupes boers sont indisciplinées et peu hiérarchisées. General Piet Potgieter set out with 100 men from Zoutpansberg and Commandant General Pretorius left Pretoria with 200 men. In 1876, a war between the ZAR and the Bapedi broke out over cattle theft and land encroachment. Omissions? [19], The constitution promoted racism as it treated European people differently from native people. The commando would return all such children to the nearest landdrost district, for registration and allocation to a Boer family. Dans les premières semaines, les Boers prennent l'avantage. Joubert prevented the Boers from forming a strong government in the Transvaal. January 1970. Dorénavant dirigés par Paul Kruger, les Boers aspiraient à retourner maintenant à leur vie de fermier, sans réelle autre aspiration. Updates? De Cuiper was just the first of a long line of "modern" visitors to the area, but it was from other quarters that most of the new visitors came. The voting age was 16 years. souhaitée] . Les Boers étant vêtus généralement de vêtements civils kaki ou neutres, ils sont facilement dissimulable à la vue de leurs ennemis alors que l'uniforme rouge écarlate des soldats britanniques fait de ces derniers des cibles faciles pour les snipers embusqués. En 1895, Cecil Rhodes, premier ministre de la colonie du Cap et richissime homme d'affaires, appuya une tentative de coup d'État mené par Leander Starr Jameson. There were some disputes over cattle which Mapela was raising on behalf of Potgieter and earlier Commandant Scholtz had confiscated a large number of rifles and amounts of ammunition, rifle repair equipment and materials of war from the home of English missionary, The Rev Mr Livingstone. Previously, Transvaal was annexed by the Cape Colony and regained its independence in the First Boer War. The British Government, in the London Convention, accepted the name of the country as the South African Republic. Constitutionally the name of the country was the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. The province no longer exists, and its territory now forms all, or part of, the provinces of Gauteng, North West, Limpopo and Mpumalanga. In 1853, Herman Potgieter was called to Mapela to come and cull the elephant population.[16]:42. The Union of South Africa was established in 1910. Most of the North West came from the southwestern portion of the old Transvaal, and a tiny segment of the Transvaal joined KwaZulu-Natal. En 1877, le Transvaal est en situation de banqueroute et est menacé par une offensive imminente des armées zouloues en provenance du Natal. The history of the Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces is deeply intertwined with that of the original "Transvaal" - an area set aside by Boer settlers, as an Independent homeland. These children, even after their 16th birthday, and being free to come and go as they please, never re-connected with their own culture and own language and except for surviving and being cared for in terms of food and shelter, were basically forcefully divorced from their native tribe forever. In 1910, four British colonies united to form the Union of South Africa. The Transvaal government, however, refused to undertake political reforms and was unable to mediate between the rural, agricultural, staunchly Calvinist Afrikaners and the new British financial, mining, and commercial classes. These children were also often called "oorlams" in reference to being overly used to the Dutch culture, and in reference to a hand-raised orphan sheep, or "hanslam". ", Netherlands-South African Railway Company, "THE SIEGE OF LEBOHO: - South African Military History Society - Journal", "Chief Malaboch is taken prisoner | South African History Online", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Republic&oldid=979676017, States and territories established in 1852, States and territories disestablished in 1902, South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Afrikaans-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles with disputed statements from June 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 September 2020, at 03:36.

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