Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Through it, France and Burgundy became reconciled. Terms of Use At that time most of France was in English hands, and Charles's enemies scornfully called him the "King of Bourges" (that city being his temporary capital). Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Encyclopedia.com. He grew somewhat heavier in later life, but his legs remained thin. He was the first to curb the violent nobility in the royal domain and to…, LOUIS XII (FRANCE) (born 1462–1515; ruled 1498–1515), king of France. ; after conspiring (1446) against Agnès SorelSorel, Agnès, c.1422–1450, mistress (1444–50) of Charles VII of France. Retrieved October 16, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/louis-xi. The term originated in Roman law and was used on the continent of Europe until modern times...... Click the link for more information. Hailed as le Dieudonné, 'the God-giv…, Louis VII (ca. He first reigned under the regency of his sister Anne de Beaujeu. He succeeded (1458) his uncle Arthur III. of Burgundy. World Encyclopedia. When the duke of Brittany invaded Normandy, Louis arranged a truce with him. He was responsible for defending these provinces against bands of roving mercenary soldiers who had terrorized the countryside for most of the century and also for collecting taxes, always a chief concern of the impoverished king of France. However, the date of retrieval is often important. He was pardoned after joining (1440) the PragueriePraguerie, 1440, revolt against King Charles VII of France, so called in allusion to the Hussite uprising in Prague. At the age of 38, Louis already had the striking appearance that was to inspire so many caricatures. After 1436 Louis began to accompany his father on military campaigns and civil inspections of his diminished kingdom. He strengthened the authority of the royal court, went on the Second Crusade, and rep…, Louis Pasteur's Battle with Microbes and the Founding of Microbiology, Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm-Gozon de Saint-Véran, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/louis-xi, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/louis-xi. Louis began his reign by dismissing many of his father's best advisers; but he soon deserted his former allies of the Praguerie and began the task of centralizing all authority in the crown. Queen Consort Of Louis Viii King Of France Blanche Of Castile, Born to wealth, Blanche of Castile (1188-1252) took the reins of leadership early in life as the wife of Louis VIII, King of France and later as co-r…, Louis VI (October 16, 2020). Recommended for general historical background are Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War (1945; trans. The death (1472) of Louis's brother Charles removed one opponent, and after a brief campaign Louis signed truces with Francis II and Charles the Bold. In 1440, apparently at the instigation of the dukes of Alençon and Bourbon, Louis joined a conspiracy against his father. He was somewhat below medium height and dressed very simply. During the next 2 decades Charles slowly reestablished his authority. From 1445 to 1456 Louis learned the business of ruling. Encyclopedia.com. He continually raised old taxes and invented new ones. He was forced to fight against the combined strength of the dukes of Burgundy, Bourbon, Brittany, and Lorraine, the Count of Armagnac, the Prince of Calabria, and his own brother, Charles of France. He worked long and hard and brought his will to bear on the great problems of his kingdom in a manner sometimes temperamental and cruel, sometimes jovial and unassuming. ), aiding the restoration of King Henry VI. ." . From 1475 to 1477 Louis withstood a last revolt and emerged with great gains. After Charles put down the Praguerie, as the revolt was called, Louis again accompanied him on his journeys, but his participation in another conspiracy against the King in 1445 resulted in his banishment to Dauphiné, the traditional province of the heir apparent to the throne of France. As dauphin Louis was almost constantly in revolt against his father. He diminished the prestige of the courts. Louis was faced with the task of reorganizing the civil institutions of France. It is a wine market and a tourist center, with metallurgical, chemical, electrical, clothing, and printing industries...... Click the link for more information. Recommended for general historical background are Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War (1945; trans. Retrieved October 16, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/louis-xi. He worked long and hard and brought his will to bear on the great problems of his kingdom in a manner sometimes temperamental and cruel, sometimes jovial and unassuming. After his father was murdered (1419) at a meeting with the dauphin (later King Charles VII of France), Philip formed an alliance with King Henry V of England...... Click the link for more information. With Charles's death the greatest single threat to Louis's stabilizing rule was removed. At that time most of France was in English hands, and Charles's enemies scornfully called him the "King of Bourges" (that city being his temporary capital). At the age of 13, Louis married Margaret Stuart, daughter of James I of Scotland. Having visited Péronne for an interview with Charles the Bold, Louis was made (1468) prisoner and forced to sign a treaty granting important concessions and compelling him to participate in suppressing the revolt of Liège, which he had helped instigate. ." The prosperity of France and the authority of the Crown were the major concerns of Louis XI. Louis was much concerned with the role of the state in France's economy, and he experimented with state-owned shipping in the Mediterranean, state-operated arsenals, urban development, and control of the silk trade. World Encyclopedia. The prosperity of France and the authority of the Crown were the major concerns of Louis XI. Louis left his son and heir, Charles VIII, a full treasury, a strong diplomatic position, and a restored throne. 133,403), capital of Indre-et-Loire dept., W central France, in Touraine, on the Loire River. … And his memory was so perfect that he retained everything." 1929, repr. Witty and astute as well as beautiful, she wielded considerable influence over the king and his policies...... Click the link for more information. Louis XI was born at Bourges, the son of Charles VII and Marie of Anjou. The great territorial principalities of 15th-century France, such as Burgundy and Brittany, were nominally fiefs granted by the king, but the allegiance of the great nobles had been strained or obliterated by English success during the Hundred Years War. He was succeeded by his son, Charles VIIICharles VIII,1470–98, king of France (1483–98), son and successor of Louis XI. Louis's wife died in 1445, and in 1451, against his father's wishes, he married Charlotte of Savoy. His continued intrigues forced another exile (1456–61), this time to the court of Philip the GoodPhilip the Good,1396–1467, duke of Burgundy (1419–67); son of Duke John the Fearless. and He married Margaret Stewart (1424-1445) 1436 JL . He urged the renewal of fairs and the abolition of tariff restrictions within the kingdom; he supported efficient city government; and he was always prepared to lessen the severity of his economic measures when he thought it necessary. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/louis-xi, "Louis XI He soon violated the treaties, taking Normandy from his brother Charles, to whom it had been granted. 1120-1180) was king of France from 1137 to 1180. … And his memory was so perfect that he retained everything." The great territorial principalities of 15th-century France, such as Burgundy and Brittany, were nominally fiefs granted by the king, but the allegiance of the great nobles had been strained or obliterated by English success during the Hundred Years War. His infinite capacity to obtain and absorb information made him intimately familiar with the events in the remotest parts of the kingdom—more familiar than some men would have cared him to be. Encyclopedia.com. By continuing, you agree to our In 1440, apparently at the instigation of the dukes of Alençon and Bourbon, Louis joined a conspiracy against his father. His epithet of "Spider King" was due to both his appearance and his authoritarian and unscrupulous character. The prosperity of France and the authority of the Crown were the major concerns of Louis XI. 2 Can the king demand tribute from his subjects without their consent? Louis was obsessed with the need to obtain accurate information, whether through diplomatic channels or otherwise, and he was just as concerned with the distribution of his own views to all parts of his realm. Encyclopedia.com. The lesser nobility, the bourgeoisie, and the lower classes supported Louis, who also allied with the citizens of Liège, a Burgundian protectorate, against Charles the Bold. Louis XI (1423-1483), called the Spider King, was king of France from 1461 to 1483. ." 1951); Denys Hay, Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (1966); and P. S. Lewis, Later Medieval France: The Polity (1968). His original surname was Necker. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In 1472 and again in 1474 Louis put down uprisings led by Charles. The marriage of Mary was a major event in European history, for it established the Hapsburgs in the Low Countries and..... Click the link for more information. Louis was faced with the task of reorganizing the civil institutions of France. . , Louis Tristan L'Hermite, and Cardinal BalueBalue, Jean, c.1421–1491, French statesman, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1456, having again angered his father, Louis fled to the protection of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the most powerful enemy of the French royal house, where he remained until his father's death in 1461. From 1475 to 1477 Louis withstood a last revolt and emerged with great gains. From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles and Estates, Il mio buono compare: choosing godparents and the uses of baptismal kinship in renaissance Florence, The Wreck of Catalonia: Civil War in the Fifteenth Century, Louis Vuitton Hawaii International Film Festival. He encouraged the development of new industries and put his country on the road to economic recovery after a century of war and occupation. Louis was obsessed with the need to obtain accurate information, whether through diplomatic channels or otherwise, and he was just as concerned with the distribution of his own views to all parts of his realm. King Spider: Some Aspects of Louis XI of France and His Companions, Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Shortly afterward Louis was made lieutenant general of Languedoc and later of Poitou. Very informative but outdated is D. B. Wyndham Lewis, King Spider: Some Aspects of Louis XI of France and His Companions (1929). . But he ruthlessly repressed abuses, particularly those of the nobility. During his reign the dynasties which ruled the great princely houses began to die out, thus allowing the king to reabsorb these dangerous principalities into the authority of the Crown. At the age of 13, Louis married Margaret Stuart, daughter of James I of Scotland. A born diplomat, Louis skillfully checked his foreign and domestic enemies and set up an efficient central administration. LOUIS XV (FRANCE) (1710–1774; ruled 1715–1774), king of France. Louis XI was born at Bourges, the son of Charles VII and Marie of Anjou. The Burgundian background is treated in Joseph Calmette, The Golden Age of Burgundy (1959; trans. ; Antoine de ChabannesChabannes, Antoine de, comte de Dammartin, 1408?–1488, French soldier in the Hundred Years War. At his death in 1483, France had begun to improve its economic position, the great barons had been humbled, and the income of the Crown had been quadrupled. He suppressed baronial power, made peace with England, and reorganized French royal authority. He also achieved a highly developed command of written French and is one of the few kings who has a distinguished personal literary style. In 1456, having again angered his father, Louis fled to the protection of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the most powerful enemy of the French royal house, where he remained until his father's death in 1461. Louis preferred men of humble origin, and among his advisers were Olivier Le DaimLe Daim or Le Dain, Olivier, d. 1484, favorite of King Louis XI of France. Conflict with the French nobles continued. Charles the Bold was killed at Nancy in 1477 in a battle against the Swiss, with whom Louis had formed an alliance. Joan of Arc and later Jacques Coeur and other civil and military officials were of great help to Charles and earned him the epithet "the Well-served.". He endowed and rebuilt many churches, collected relics, and constantly sought the prayers of the French clergy and the Pope. In 1464 Louis was faced with a serious revolt of the nobles who had formed the League of the Public Weal. Upon the death of Charles VII in 1461, Louis ascended the throne of France. Louis fought the barons to a standoff in 1465 and settled the revolt by granting financial and legal concessions. Louis's awareness of the complex role of economics in 15th-century society drove him to practice not only economic warfare against his enemies but also effective economic protectionism on behalf of his own territories. The Swiss victories over Charles and his death (1477) at Nancy enabled Louis to take Burgundy, Picardy, Boulogne, Artois, and Franche-Comté from Charles's daughter, Mary of BurgundyMary of Burgundy,1457–82, wife of Maximilian of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold of Burgundy.
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