The interpretation seemed logical enough to those who had not examined carefully the text of McMahon's letters…", Wilson writes: "Since the end of the war the territory north of Ma'an had been ruled by Damascus as a province of Faysal's Kingdom of Syria. "[145] Describing it as "nothing short of remarkable", international law specialist Professor John B. Quigley noted that the government was admitting to itself that its support for Zionism had been prompted by considerations having nothing to do with the merits of Zionism or its consequences for Palestine. LofN Official Journal, Nov 1922, pp. [p][161] With the Fascists gaining power in Italy in October 1922, new Italian Prime Minister Mussolini delayed the mandates' implementation. (6) Equitable terms shall be fixed for expropriation, temporary or permanent, of lands which might be of historical or archaeological interest. The opening words of the declaration represented the first public expression of support for Zionism by a major political power. [118][119][120], Musa al-Husayni led a 1922 delegation to Ankara and then to the Lausanne Conference, where (after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's victories against the Greek army in Turkey) the Treaty of Sèvres was about to be re-negotiated. Mandate. The agreement was initially used as the basis for the 1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi, which provided a framework for the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) in the Levant. Any statement or inscription in Arabic on stamps or money in Palestine shall be repeated in Hebrew and any statement or inscription in Hebrew shall be repeated in Arabic. [xxvi][170][104][xxvii], Shortly after the mandate's approval in July 1922, the Colonial Office prepared a memorandum to implement Article 25. [v] The British subsequently defeated the Ottoman forces in Transjordan in late September 1918, just a few weeks before the Ottoman Empire's overall surrender. [7][153][154], On 3 December 1924 the U.S. signed the Palestine Mandate Convention, a bilateral treaty with Britain in which the United States "consents to the administration" (Article 1) and which dealt with eight issues of concern to the United States (including property rights and business interests). [xxxv] No agreement was reached in Paris; the topic was not discussed at the April 1920 San Remo conference, at which the boundaries of the "Palestine" and "Syria" mandates were left unspecified to "be determined by the Principal Allied Powers" at a later stage. Therewith, Mr. de Lieme, the question of the eastern boundaries is answered. The objective of the mandates over former territories of Ottoman Empire was to provide "administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone". [204], At a private 13 September 1919 meeting during the Paris Peace Conference, Lloyd George gave Georges Clemenceau a memorandum which said that British Palestine would be "defined in accordance with its ancient boundaries of Dan to Beersheba". Biger wrote: "At the beginning of 1918, soon after the southern part of Palestine was conquered, the Foreign Office determined that 'Faisal's authority over the area that he controls on the eastern side of the Jordan river should be recognised. The Administration of Palestine shall take all necessary measures to safeguard the interests of the community in connection with the development of the country, and, subject to any international obligations accepted by the Mandatory, shall have full power to provide for public ownership or control of any of the natural resources of the country or of the public works, services and utilities established or to be established therein. English, Arabic and Hebrew shall be the official languages of Palestine. [56][f] At the end of September 1920, Curzon instructed an Assistant Secretary at the Foreign Office, Robert Vansittart, to leave the eastern boundary of Palestine undefined and avoid "any definite connection" between Transjordan and Palestine to leave the way open for an Arab government in Transjordan. Two weeks later, Colonial Secretary Arthur Creech Jones announced that the British Mandate would end on 15 May 1948. "[176], Turkey was not a member of the League of Nations at the time of the negotiations; on the losing side of World War I, they did not join until 1932. We have not received what we sought, and I regret to have to tell you this. [146] Documents related to the 1923 reappraisal remained secret until the early 1970s. [207] These borders included present day Israel and the Israeli-occupied territories, western Jordan, southwestern Syria and southern Lebanon "in the vicinity south of Sidon". "Erez Israel" added as a translation of "Palestine"; "find a national home in that country" replaced with "reconstitute Palestine as their national home"; Added that the Jewish Agency "shall have a pre-emptive right" over economic concessions; Removed article guaranteeing the property rights of religious organisations; Required the Government to recognise the Jewish Sabbath and Jewish holidays as legal days of rest. Israel History. By July 1920 the French had forced Fayṣal to give up his newly founded kingdom of Syria. The first was that the Palestine government would not extend east of the Jordan; the second was the government's chosen – albeit disputed – interpretation of the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, which proposed that Transjordan be included in the area of "Arab independence" (excluding Palestine). He left behind several officers to see to the administration of Transjordan and the maintenance of British influence. The Colonial Office and Palestine, 1921–23", "Liminal Loyalties: Ottomanism and Palestinian Responses to the Turkish War of Independence, 1919–22", "The King-Crane Commission of 1919: The Articulation of Political Anti-Zionism", "War-Time Contingency and the Balfour Declaration of 1917: An Improbable Regression", "Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations as Origin of Trusteeship", "Flawed Foundations: The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate", "On the Settlement of Disputes About the Christian Holy Places", "The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919", "The Council of Heads of Delegations: minutes of meetings August 29 to November 5, 1919", "The council of ten: minutes of meetings January 12 to February 14, 1919", Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Report, Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, American trusteeship proposal for Palestine, Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandate_for_Palestine&oldid=1016745303, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Palestine region, with smaller boundaries than the later Mandatory Palestine, was to fall under an "international administration". [117] In London, they had three meetings with Winston Churchill in which they called for reconsideration of the Balfour Declaration, revocation of the Jewish National Home policy, an end to Jewish immigration and that Palestine should not be severed from its neighbours. [g][77] Curzon subsequently wrote in February 1921, "I am very concerned about Transjordania ... Sir H.Samuel wants it as an annex of Palestine and an outlet for the Jews. [147], The United States was not a member of the League of Nations. "[78], Abdullah, the brother of recently deposed King Faisal, marched into Ma'an at the head of an army of from 300 to 2,000 men on 21 November 1920. [24] The emergence, structure, and function of the mandatory government from 1923-1948. [87] Article 25 permitted the mandatory to "postpone or withhold application of such provisions of the mandate as he may consider inapplicable to the existing local conditions" in that region. Article 25 of the Mandate allowed the British, with the consent of the League of Nations, to “withhold or postpone” the application of certain provisions of the Mandate with regard to the territory east of the Jordan River and administer it separately from the rest of Palestine, a right which it exercised with the Transjordan Memorandum later in 1922. I won't have it!' (8) The proceeds of excavations may be divided between the excavator and the competent Department in a proportion fixed by that Department. It was not until July 1919 that direct negotiations began between the British Foreign Office and the Zionists, after the production of a full draft mandate by the British. Unless the Powers whose nationals enjoyed the afore-mentioned privileges and immunities on August 1st, 1914, shall have previously renounced the right to their re-establishment, or shall have agreed to their non-application for a specified period, these privileges and immunities shall, at the expiration of the mandate, be immediately reestablished in their entirety or with such modifications as may have been agreed upon between the Powers concerned. I felt instinctively that the other provisions of the Mandate might remain a dead letter, e.g, ' to place the country under such political, economic and administrative conditions as may facilitate the development of the Jewish National Home.' [192][193][194][195][196][s] According to the mandate's preamble, the mandate was granted to Britain "for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations". [211] On 9 May 1919, a memorandum of the British political delegation to the Paris Peace Conference stated that the British intended to adopt the border between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire which was established in 1906. Lord Balfour suggested an alternative which was accepted and included in the preamble immediately after the paragraph quoted above: Whereas recognition has thereby [i.e. Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Transjordan was added to the mandate after the Arab Kingdom in Damascus was toppled by the French in the Franco-Syrian War. [25], The mandate system was created in the wake of World War I as a compromise between Woodrow Wilson's ideal of self-determination, set out in his Fourteen Points speech of January 1918, and the European powers' desire for gains for their empires. Together with letter written by T. E. Lawrence in Faisal's name to Felix Frankfurter in March 1919, the agreement was used by the Zionist delegation to argue that their plans for Palestine had prior Arab approval;[42] however, the Zionists omitted Faisal's handwritten caveat that the agreement was conditional on Palestine being within the area of Arab independence. [2][3] By late 1917, in the lead-up to the Balfour Declaration, the wider war had reached a stalemate. [79][80] Between then and the end of March 1921, Abdullah's army occupied all of Transjordan with some local support and no British opposition. [242], League of Nations mandate for British administration of Palestine and Transjordan, British government map illustrating territorial negotiations with the Sharif of Mecca, Map signed by Sykes and Picot, enclosed in the official Anglo-French correspondence. 505–506; League of Nations, The Mandates System (official publication of 1945); Hill, Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship, pp. Nothing in this article shall preclude the Administration of Palestine from contributing to the cost of the maintenance of the forces of the Mandatory in Palestine. [217] It placed most of the Golan Heights in the French sphere, and established a joint commission to settle and mark the border. It was the attitude in Jerusalem—Amman's only conduit to London—that critically affected Abdullah's regime, and this attitude underwent a dramatic change in 1922. It left the “Question of Palestine” to … [199], Before World War I, the territory which became Mandatory Palestine was the former Ottoman Empire divisions of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem and the southern part of the Beirut Vilayet; what became Transjordan was the southern Vilayet of Syria and the northern Hejaz Vilayet. VIII, pp. [239] Two weeks later, Colonial Secretary Arthur Creech Jones announced that the British Mandate would terminate on 15 May 1948. Excerpts relating to Transjordan's inclusion in the Mandate from the 1–14 September 1921 12th Zionist Congress, the first following the Balfour Declaration. The Administration of Palestine shall recognise the holy days of the respective communities in Palestine as legal days of rest for the members of such communities. ", Curzon wrote, "His Majesty's Government are already treating 'Trans-Jordania' as separate from the Damascus State, while at the same time avoiding any definite connection between it and Palestine, thus leaving the way open for the establishment there, should it become advisable, of some form of independent Arab government, perhaps by arrangement with King Hussein or other Arab chiefs concerned. [114][115] In the summer of 1921, the 4th Palestine Arab Congress sent a delegation led by Musa al-Husayni to London to negotiate on behalf of the Muslim and Christian population. [r] Curzon and the Italian and French governments rejected early drafts of the mandate because the preamble had contained a passage which read, "Recognising, moreover, the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine and the claim which this gives them to reconstitute it their national home..."[179] The Palestine Committee set up by the Foreign Office recommended that the reference to "the claim" be omitted. On the Zionist side, the drafting was led by Ben Cohen on behalf of Weizmann, Felix Frankfurter and other Zionist leaders. "[39][40], The World Zionist Organization delegation to the Peace Conference – led by Chaim Weizmann, who had been the driving force behind the Balfour Declaration – also asked for a British mandate, asserting the "historic title of the Jewish people to Palestine". [184][185], Article 15 required the mandatory administration to ensure that complete freedom of conscience and the free exercise of all forms of worship were permitted. The British Mandate in Palestine. Any such arrangements shall provide that no profits distributed by such agency, directly or indirectly, shall exceed a reasonable rate of interest on the capital, and any further profits shall be utilised by it for the benefit of the country in a manner approved by the Administration. The League's duties were confined to seeing that the specific and detailed terms of the mandates were in accordance with the decisions taken by the Allied and Associated Powers, and that in carrying out these mandates the Mandatory Powers should be under the supervision—not under the control—of the League. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mandatory_Palestine The Mandatory shall secure the enactment within twelve months from this date, and shall ensure the execution of a Law of Antiquities based on the following rules. 1910, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, "Territorially-based Nationalism and the Politics of Negation", "The Evolution of the Transjordan-Iraq Boundary, 1915–40", "Was Balfour Policy Reversible? In 1917, after the British under General Edmund Allenby s… [212] The decision, a compromise between proposals by the Zionists and the British authorities in Egypt, was already well-defined on maps. The Catholic powers saw an opportunity to reverse the gains made by the Greek and Russian Orthodox communities in the region during the previous 150 years, as documented in the Status Quo. The leader of the Palestine congress, Musa al-Husayni, had tried to present the views of the Executive Committee in Cairo and (later) Jerusalem but was rebuffed both times. The call 'Two banks for the Jordan river – this one is ours and so is the other' was heard from then onward. The Administration of Palestine shall be responsible for enacting a nationality law. Why is this important? [q][168] The dispute between France and Italy was resolved by the Turkish ratification. "Thirteen years ago Great Britain accepted the Mandate of Palestine. [87], The intended mandatory powers were required to submit written statements to the League of Nations during the Paris Peace Conference proposing the rules of administration in the mandated areas. Both courses of action were considered to be completely unacceptable. "The recognition of the establishment of the Jewish National Home as the guiding principle in the execution of the Mandate" was omitted. ", Nineteenth Session of the Council, Thirteenth Meeting, St James' Palace, London on 24 July 1922, at 3 p.m.: "In view of the declarations which have just been made, and of the agreement reached by all the Members of the Council, the articles of the mandates for Palestine and Syria are approved. The mandate was assigned to Britain by the San Remo conference in April 1920, after France's concession in the 1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement of the previously-agreed "international administration" of Palestine under the Sykes–Picot Agreement. These problems were highlighted by the amorphous nature of the territory: as of July 1922, only Transjordan's northern boundary had been defined". [215] The two primary differences were that this border separated French– and British–controlled areas, and it ran through heavily populated areas which had not been separated. And this is also not to speak of the fact that, as of August 1921, the mandates had yet to be approved or take effect. Covenant of League of Nations comes into effect, Curzon policy: "no question of setting up any British administration in the area", First draft submitted to the League of Nations, Proposal to add the area to Palestine mandate, as separate Arab entity, The reduction of the British obligation to accept advice from a Jewish Council. [101], After strenuous objection to the proposed changes, the statement concerning the historical connections of the Jews with Palestine was re-incorporated into the Mandate in December 1920. [99] Curzon insisted on revisions until the 10 June draft removed his objections;[100] the paragraph recognising the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine was removed from the preamble, and "self-governing commonwealth" was replaced by "self-governing institutions". This had not, however, proved the case in regard to Transjordan. ", McTague writes, "Since the British army under General Edmund Allenby had conquered the Holy Land, and since the British announcement of the Balfour Declaration had demonstrated her keen interest in the future of the country, it was a foregone conclusion that the Allies would have to acquiesce in her control of Palestine. No antiquity may leave the country without an export licence from the said Department. These were of the nature of a treaty and a constitution, which contained minority-rights clauses that provided for the rights of petition and adjudication by the World Court. As a correspondent newly arrived in Gaza to take up a posting during the second Palestinian intifada , or the uprising against Israel, I was soon welcomed by an elderly resident of a refugee camp – and then chastised by the same gentleman for the Balfour Declaration. The Palestine Mandate The Council of the League of Nations: Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have agreed, for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , to entrust to a Mandatory selected by the said Powers the administration of the territory of Palestine, which formerly belonged to the Turkish Empire, within such boundaries as may be fixed by … [220] The new border followed a 10-metre-wide (33 ft) strip along the northeastern shore. The Administration of Palestine may organist on a voluntary basis the forces necessary for the preservation of peace and order, and also for the defence of the country, subject, however, to the supervision of the Mandatory, but shall not use them for purposes other than those above specified save with the consent of the Mandatory. There must be no question of setting up any British administration in that area and all that may be done at present is to send a maximum of four or five political officers with instructions on the lines laid down in my above mentioned telegram. [27], Two governing principles formed the core of the mandate system: non-annexation of the territory and its administration as a "sacred trust of civilisation" to develop the territory for the benefit of its native people.
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