[11], In the late 1900s, Phengaris populations began decreasing drastically throughout Europe with the large blue butterfly being particularly affected. Portail des communes de France : nos coups de coeur sur les routes de France. This discovery has been explained with a theory called the "queen effect". ab. [1] Today P. arion can be found in Europe, the Caucasus, Armenia, western Siberia, Altai, north-western Kazakhstan and Sichuan.[1]. Shutterstock/Rudmer Zwerver. It becomes a parasite, feeding on ant regurgitations, or a predator on the ant larvae. This has been studied extensively in P. rebeli, and consists of continued interaction between the caterpillar and the host ants. [12] Leading hypotheses targeted collectors, insecticides, and air pollution as factors that led to the butterfly extinction. With these tactics, Alcon blue butterflies can quickly deplete the resources of an entire ant colony. Phengaris alcon is a socially parasitic butterfly which is endangered or vulnerable in many European countries. The layabout in question is the Alcon blue butterfly (Maculinea alcon) a large and beautiful summer visitor. [29] By mimicking a queen, Phengaris species which employ the cuckoo strategy are fed by the worker ants and are given preferential treatment over the real ant larvae. For example, in Finland, large blue butterflies exclusively fed off M. lonae nests. In ab. [4], Large blue caterpillars grow to about half an inch (13 millimetres) in length, and spend up to 9 months before they undergo metamorphosis to a chrysalis to become a butterfly. On the wing from the end of June into August. The Alcon blue grubs are well known for deceiving the ants into feeding them while letting their own brood starve. arthurus Melvill is without ocelli beneath. 1B ). Host ant use of the Alcon blue butterfly at the northern range margin. ", "Food–plant niche selection rather than the presence of ant nests explains oviposition patterns in the myrmecophilous butterfly genus Maculinea", "Comparison of acoustical signals in Maculinea butterfly caterpillars and their obligate host Myrmica ants", "Singing the blues: from experimental biology to conservation application", "Evolutionary biology: Butterfly mimics of ants", Butterfly Conservation - large blue project, Cornwall Wildlife Trust - large blue reintroduction, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_blue&oldid=1022332126, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 May 2021, at 22:35. [24] It was also thought that certain species of Phengaris were capable of avoiding overcrowding on food plants by detecting high egg loads. [19], Laboratory studies have shown that large blue butterfly larvae first consume the largest ant larvae. La réponse est peut-être ici ! [13] A large number of projects were conducted to combat these factors, but all were completely unsuccessful. Although it was initially classified as a subspecies of P. alcon, a European researcher, Lucien A. Berger, designated it as a separate species in 1946. [6][7] & Travassos, Mark A. They rest with closed wings, particularly on Thymes and Scabious. Caterpillars of the Alcon blue butterfly Phengaris alcon are initially endophytic and feed inside the flowerheads of Gentiana plants, but complete their development as social parasites in the nests of Myrmica ants, where they are fed by workers. But unlike many other such critters, who use their communication techniques to contact others of their species, this is a message meant for a very different creature: red ants. Since Arts Bash can't be in-person this year, @uofufinearts is throwing in some added perks for tuning in to @UofUArtsPass virtually: an iPad Pro w/keyboard & AirPods. Barbero focused her attention on a species red ant called Myrmica schencki, which is frequently parasitized by the alcon blue. [13] The species became extinct in the Netherlands in 1964, in the UK in 1979 and also in Belgium in 1996. The Alcon blue is a ‘brood parasite’ – the insect world’s equivalent of the cuckoo. In the past it was unclear if Phengaris butterflies were capable of identifying areas of specific Myrmica species. In most Myrmica nests, the queen ant will lay two main batches of eggs, and the females that hatch from these eggs will either become workers or virgin queens. It can be seen flying in mid to late summer. In other species, only the first few instars are spent on the plant, and the remainder of the larval lifespan is spent as a predator within the ant nest. DeVries, Philip J. Like many members of the genus Phengaris, large blue butterfly caterpillars exhibit a form of parasitism in which they take advantage of a host species. In the meadows of Europe, colonies of industrious team-workers are being manipulated by a master slacker. Meet the Alcon Blue butterfly, a beautiful liar. Some lycaenids even exploit their association with ants by inducing ants to feed them by regurgitation, a process called trophallaxis. "Phylogeny of the Aphnaeinae: Myrmecophilous African butterflies with carnivorous and herbivorous life histories". 秋田高等学校同窓会 事務局 （秋田高校の同窓会が運営しているページ）; 美の国あきたネット （秋田県の公式サイト 秋田県教育委員会のHPもこちらから） The butterflies occur usually singly, being locally frequent on open ground, on broad roads through shrubby woods, flying about 1 m above the ground. [21] While results are not conclusive, it has been shown that the large blue strongly favours M. sabuleti but has been documented to also prey on M. They constitute about 30% of the known butterfly species. — Quite a number of local forms have been separated Northern specimens, which are feebly spotted, are named alconides by Aurivillius. The large blue can be distinguished by its unique speckled black dots on its wings with a blue background. This means that they must produce signals which persuade the ants into adopting and caring for them, despite the fact that this is against the best interests of the ant colony. [26] Today it has been determined that it still secretes semiochemicals as a form of chemical mimicry to gain acceptance into the host ant nest. If the queen dies, worker ants have the largest of the female larvae transition into virgin queens. If the queen is present and healthy, she influences the nurse workers to neglect, starve and bite the female larvae which results in restricted growth and aids in the transition to workers. The Alcon blue is a ‘brood parasite’ – the… Originally it was thought that the large blue butterfly behaved differently in that some believed it either secreted a poor pheromone mimic, or did not secrete one at all. jasilkowskii Hornuz the ocelli are absent beneath in the cell as in euphemus, from which this aberration is at once distinguished by its blue-green basal scaling on the underside. It is therefore suggested that the ants feed it up (Frohawk) and perhaps also protect the pupae. The workers feed the caterpillars more than their own young. Отряд чешуекрылых по видовому разнообразию несомненно выделяется среди таксонов подобного ранга. The Alcon blue butterfly (Maculinea alcon) parasitizes the nests of several Myrmica ant species.In Denmark, it uses M. rubra and M. ruginodis, but never M. scabrinodis.To further examine the basis of this specificity and local co-adaptation between host and parasite, the pattern of growth and survival of newly-adopted caterpillars of M. alcon in Myrmica subcolonies was examined in the … One species of butterfly - the mountain alcon blue (Maculinea rebeli) - is just one such master felon.Somehow, it manipulates the workers into carrying it inside the nest, feeding it and caring for it. "Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis". These associations can be mutualistic, parasitic, or predatory depending on the species. CrossRef View Record … ", "Corruption of ant acoustical signals by mimetic social parasites", "Host ant specificity of large blue butterflies Phengaris (Maculinea) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) inhabiting humid grasslands in East-central Europe", "Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) not necessary for the survival of the population of Phengaris (Maculinea) arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in eastern Poland: Lower host-ant specificity or evidence for geographical variation of an endangered social parasite? While in the nest, large blue caterpillars acquire 99% of their final biomass, growing from an average of 1.3 mg to 173 mg. The first is the "cuckoo" strategy. Even if matched with the correct host, many large blue butterflies are unable to survive. The Alcon blue butterfly lays eggs on the marsh gentian, but the larvae leave the plant and migrate to the ground to attract ants. The caterpillar will stay in the vicinity of its food plant until its 4th instar, when it will drop to the ground. Caterpillars of the Alcon blue butterfly actually get themselves picked up and taken home by foraging Myrmica workers. Pages 264-300 in: Boyle, J. H.; Kaliszewska, Z. One explanation is that each species of Phengaris is most suited for a specific species of Myrmica. IE 11 is not supported. The large blue butterflies Maculinea have attracted much public attention because of conservation efforts on their behalf and their extraordinary life cycle. These caterpillars mimic the scent of ant larvae to trick worker ants into feeding them.
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